Was Duleep Singh a winner or a loser from the British Empire?

2A Was Duleep Singh a winner or a loser from the British Empire? Use these templates to help you complete the Living Graph on page 17. Complete both templates below for each stage of Duleep Singh s life. Use coloured pencils to shade over each one in red, amber or green, depending on your level of certainty, or you could use felt pen to outline the boxes. Cut out each template and stick them onto the Living Graph. Green we all agree and are sure about our ideas/this is what Duleep Singh thought. Amber we have had some difficulty deciding but think these thoughts are quite accurate. The debate is reflected in the comments and evidence. Red we are not at all sure and have explained why in the comments and evidence. Stage: Duleep Singh s thoughts on whether he was a winner or loser Dates: Evidence Stage: My/our thoughts on whether he was a winner or loser Dates: Evidence 99

2B Was Duleep Singh a winner or a loser from the British Empire? Word Bank You can use the words and phrases below in your explanations for the Living Graph on page 17. It is certain that It is clear that It is probable that It is likely/unlikely that It seems possible that It may be that We think this because This is confirmed by This is suggested by The reason for this conclusion is However On the other hand At the same time In addition Conflicting evidence suggests 100

3 Producing a balanced argument Use the fingers of the left and right hands to record five for each side of your argument. 101

4 How is Duleep Singh remembered? Use this sheet to help you with the Activity on page 24. BRINGING HISTORY AND CULTURE TOGETHER This plaque commemorates the official unveiling of this monument by HRH the Prince of Wales K.G.K.T., on 29 July 1999. In 1843 Maharajah Duleep Singh succeeded his father to the throne of the sovereign Sikh kingdom of Punjab. He was destined to be its last ruler. In 1849, following the closely fought Anglo-Sikh wars, the British annexed the Punjab. Duleep Singh was compelled to resign his sovereign rights and exiled. It was at this time that the Koh-i-noor diamond, later incorporated into the crown jewels, passed to the British authorities. Duleep Singh eventually came to Britain and settled at the Elveden estate in Suffolk. He was a close favourite of Queen Victoria and became a prominent local figure in East Anglia. Later in his life he announced his intention to return to his beloved Punjab but was not allowed to do so. He died in Paris on 22 October 1893 having re-embraced the Sikh faith and whilst still engaged in a struggle to reclaim his throne. To this day the Sikh nation aspires to regain its sovereignty. Deg Teg Fateh 102

5 How typical were the experiences of Duleep Singh? Use this copy of the chart on page 25 to record your judgements about the case study you have been allocated. Name of person Positive experiences under and resulting from British rule Negative experiences under and resulting from British rule Indian person s likely overall judgement what would they have thought at the time? My/Our overall judgement 103

6 Did India lose or gain from the British Empire? Complete these character cards to use on the line of winners and losers from the British Empire, shown on page 28. Duleep Singh Dadabhai Naoroji of winning of winning of losing of losing Kumar Shri Ranjitsinhji Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar of winning of winning of losing of losing 104

6 (continued) Did India lose or gain from the British Empire? Complete these character cards to use on the line of winners and losers from the British Empire, shown on page 28. Rural Indians Lascar sailors of winning of winning of losing of losing Indians in the cities of winning of losing 105

7 Doing History: Diversity and interpretations People create different interpretations by including some people, topics or evidence and leaving out or down-playing others. Create your own version of this poster to use for a display that aims to help others understand how two totally different interpretations of the same historical event can both be true. Make up the names and backgrounds of two historians with opposing views about the British Empire. Give each historian a speech bubble stating their different interpretations of the impact of the British Empire on one or more of its colonies. Select evidence that each could use to support their point of view. Copy the heading from the example to explain what your poster is about. It seems at first that one of the interpretations must be wrong because the two are so different. In fact, both interpretations are useful and accurate but selective, probably because of the specialist interests of each historian. A more balanced interpretation could include all the evidence. 106

8 How important was the role played by Mohandas Gandhi in ending British rule in India? You can copy and complete the introduction below and use the paragraph starter sentences to structure your essay for the extended writing activity on page 33. Mohandas Gandhi arrived in British India in... and joined the... Party. At first he was thought to be... by the British but this was a significant underestimation of his importance. However, there were other factors that contributed to the British decision to leave... and these should not be ignored when assessing the impact of Gandhi s... Gandhi was important because his actions weakened British control of India. He began a Satyagraha campaign, which... [Explain what the term means and what Gandhi actually did as part of his campaign.] By the 1920s, the British realised that Gandhi s policy of non-violent noncooperation was a threat to their rule and he was arrested but when he was released he... [Explain first the Declaration of Independence, then the Salt March and their impact.] For the next fifteen years, Gandhi continued his peaceful protest. He... [Briefly mention some of Gandhi s other actions and indicate why they were important fasting, the London conference, sustained pressure during the Second World War but do not fall into the trap of telling the stories at length, focus on their effect.] However, other people were also involved in the campaign to get the British out of India, for example... [Explain how Jawaharlal Nehru and ordinary Indians played a part.] The movement to free India may not have gained as much support if the British had not made mistakes which angered many Indians. After the First world War... [Explain the Rowlatt Acts and the Amritsar Massacre do not tell the whole story but summarise events and show why the British lost respect as a result of these.] At the end of the Second World War, changed circumstances meant Britain was now certain to quit India. Firstly,... [Describe the political and economic situation at home in Britain and why it affected policy towards India.] In conclusion,... [Give your own judgement about the importance of Gandhi as an individual, compared to other factors.] 107

9 Mohandas Gandhi A Fact File Using the information from page 34, write key about Gandhi s life and philosophy around the photograph below. 108

10 The GandhiThreatOmeter Use this sheet for the Activity on page 35. Colour in the outside band of the GandhiThreatOmeter. Green is safe for the British, amber means the British should be starting to worry and red suggests Gandhi is a serious threat. Draw a needle onto a copy of the GandhiThreatOmeter for each stage of the story, to show the level of threat Gandhi posed to the British. Explain why you have drawn the needle in this position in the box below. GandhiThreatOmeter I have put the needle here because 109

11 Lord Mountbatten s problems, 1947 Use these cards to carry out the Activity on page 42. 1 Some areas of India were dominated by one religious group. 2 Members of each religion often distrusted each other and rumour often caused savage mob violence. 3 Muslims and Hindus were not used to working together. Ever since 1906 the British had allowed them to elect separate representatives in even the smallest communities. This had been done partly to prevent the views of the Muslim minority from being swamped but also the British knew that a divided community would be far easier to rule. 4 The Indian National Congress was dominated by Hindus. By 1946 most Muslims trusted the rival Muslim League (led by Mohammed Jinnah) to represent their interests. 5 The wealth of India was very unevenly distributed and much of the population lived in desperate poverty whilst some small sections held fabulous wealth. 6 Some areas were quite evenly split between religions. The Punjab, for example, was very evenly split between Muslims and Sikhs. 7 India s population was split into three main religious groups: Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. Hindus were by far the largest group with nearly 80% of the population. 8 The British armed forces consisted of many men who had signed up for the duration of the war only. They were impatient to go home and mutinies began to break out in 1946. Mountbatten couldn t do without these troops until India gained independence but he was increasingly worried about their loyalty. 9 The Muslim League had done well in the elections of 1940 and was determined that Muslim areas should not form part of the new India but should rule themselves in a separate country called Pakistan (land of the pure). 10 Nehru and Gandhi, leaders of the Congress Party, believed that all religions should remain in the new India. They were opposed to the idea of Pakistan but could not persuade the Muslim League to agree with them. 11 Some provinces of India were far richer in terms of good soil or resources than others. If the country were to be divided these rich provinces such as the Punjab would cause much unrest. 12 Britain was nearly bankrupt after the Second World War. The Prime Minister was in a desperate hurry to get out of India. 13 A Muslim day of protest in August 1946 had led to mass religious violence; 15,000 dead Hindus and Muslims were left rotting in the streets. If this kind of violence were ever to spread across India millions might die. 110

12 How would partition affect the situation? Use this chart to help you with the Activity on page 43. Decide which situation cards fit best into which column, adding a brief explanation of your reason. You may have to put some into more than one column if different groups would be affected in different ways by partition. Card 1 has been done for you as an example. Improved Unaffected Made worse Card 1: because dominant religious group in power Card 1: minority have very hard time 111

13 How secure is the future for India? Use this copy of the road diagram from page 44 with the cards on Activity sheet 14. Status and wealth Doubt and uncertainty National break-up and/or increasing poverty 112

14 How secure is the future for India? Use these cards to sort onto the road diagram on Activity sheet 13. 1 The electricity supply to many Indian villages is very unreliable. 8 New crops and growing techniques mean that India now produces more than enough food to feed its population. 15 In India the state stores over a tonne of rice for every family below the poverty line but has no strong system to distribute this food. 2 India has an average income per person of less than US $750 per year. 9 Many Indian companies are reluctant to employ workers since the law makes it very difficult to sack a bad employee. 16 India has fought three wars with neighbouring Pakistan since 1947. In 2002 India and Pakistan faced each other with a million soldiers along the disputed border of Kashmir. 3 The Indian state broadcaster had only one TV channel in 1991 but by 2006 it had more than 150. 4 India badly needs to improve irrigation for poor farmers. 10 India is world-famous for its technical and engineering expertise. It produces one million engineering graduates every year. Europe and the USA each produce fewer than 100,000. 11 Only 65% of Indians can read and write compared to 90% of Chinese people. 17 Both India and Pakistan possess nuclear warheads and missiles to carry them. In 1998 India tested five nuclear bombs. The Pakistanis then tested six. 18 Many Indian Hindus still support the caste system where people are given a rank by birth. Caste or rank often decides who gets the best jobs. 5 Most villagers in India rely on money sent back from relatives living in cities. Agricultural plots are frequently too small to support a family. 12 In 2006 almost 300 million Indians were still below the poverty line and unsure whether they could afford their next meal. 19 Some new industries, such as ICT, do choose workers on merit rather than by caste. This trend is growing. 6 Only 35 million Indians out of 470 million have job security. 21 of those 35 million work for the Indian government. 13 The poverty rate in India is dropping at 1% per year. In 2001 it was 26%. 20 India imports over 70% of the oil it uses. 7 The Indian company Tata is one of the largest and most successful steel and vehicle making companies in the world. It owns Jaguar and Land Rover. 14 India hopes to send a probe to the moon by 2010. 21 Pipelines for gas for India would need to come across the territory of Pakistan or Iran. 113

14 (continued) How secure is the future for India? 22 Many Indian Hindus will not even drink from the same well as somebody who is at the bottom of the caste system an untouchable. 29 India has freedom of speech and an independent judiciary (court judges). 36 India has no official religion. All religions are tolerated. 23 India s economy has grown at 75% per year since 2004. 30 When an earthquake hit Pakistani Kashmir in 2005 the border was opened along the disputed line to let aid pass through. 37 There is a Hindu party with policies designed to make Hinduism the dominant religion in India. 24 India s Ministry of Railways is the second largest employer in the world. (The largest is China s army.) 31 China and Pakistan both border India. China is Pakistan s biggest arms supplier. 38 India is predicted to have the world s largest population by 2032. 25 India has some world-class roads linking its major cities. 32 Since 2003 India and Pakistan have been engaged in serious peace talks over Kashmir. 39 In 2001 average life expectancy was 65 years in India. 26 India is very short of good roads across most of its territory. 33 China and India have two of the largest and fastest growing economies in the world. Each supplies the other with needed goods and services. 40 India has only 2.5 million tourist visitors a year, fewer than Dubai or Singapore. The UK has approximately 25 million visitors per year. 27 India has been a democracy for its whole history apart from thirteen months in 1975 1976. 34 The USA has agreed to help India develop many nuclear reactors to help produce energy. 41 Fewer than 2% of Indian people own their own vehicles yet traffic congestion is horrific in the cities. 28 India is the world s largest democracy and has full electronic voting. 35 India s film industry is one of the largest in the world. 42 In terms of numbers infected, India is the second largest sufferer from HIV/AIDS in the world after South Africa. 114

15 Reasons why British rule ended Use this table for the Activity on page 46. Add your own percentages to the column about India. Use information from pages 47 51 to complete the table. Reasons why British rule ended Factor India Kenya Hong Kong Protest... % because the protests led by Gandhi and the INC showed that the Indian people would no longer accept British rule Economics... % because Pressure from other countries... % because Changing views in Britain... % because the new Labour government that came to power in 1945 believed that India should be independent Other factors 115

16 Mau Mau! 1952 1959 Fill in the two thought bubbles below for the discussion task on page 48. One will be the thoughts of an actual Mau Mau member and the other an innocent suspect. 116

17 Mrs Thatcher decides Use this chart to complete Activity 1 on page 51. Position Advantage Disadvantage 1 Simply hand over all of Hong Kong to the Chinese Could possibly lead to riots in Hong Kong 2 Hand over Hong Kong but try to negotiate a special deal on how it would be run May allow Hong Kong s people to carry on their way of life and would allow Hong Kong to continue investing money for China 3 Hand over the New Territories but hold onto Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Legally correct 4 Refuse to hand over any of Hong Kong on the grounds that the people living there were against handover. Prepare to fight Could lead to war against a nuclear-armed country with the largest army on Earth 117