Unit VII: The 1920s, 30s and World War II ~1933-1941~ A Meridian APUSH Study Guide by John Ho, Tim Qi, Jason Liu, and Willy Zhang Elections 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 Warren G. Harding James M. Cox Calvin Coolidge John W. Davis Progressive: La Follette Herbert Hoover Alfred E. Smith Herbert Hoover Alf Landon Wendell Wilkie Thomas E. Dewey Elections Republican candidate Harding wins with a platform of isolationism, pledging to keep the nation out of international affairs. He leads a front porch campaign promising a return to normalcy. Cox replaced Wilson but was defeated by a large margin. Coolidge wins by a landslide, earning a second term after Harding s death. The newly organized Progressive Party nominates a liberal candidate La Follette. However, with the economy still booming, Coolidge overwhelms his opponents and enters office for a second term (since Harding s death). Smith, a Catholic and of an urban background, lost to Hoover. Hoover promises to banish poverty and continue the economic boom began by Coolidge. The Democrats achieved majorities in large cities for the first time in the election. His reputation severely damaged by the onset of the Great Depression, Hoover is overwhelmingly defeated by the Democratic candidate. introduces the New Deal and promises to repeal Prohibition. The Republicans attack the New Deal, deeming it wasteful and corrupt. promises to continue his New Deal policies, securing the favor of the workers. wins by a landslide failing only to secure Maine and Vermont. accepts the third-term nomination and runs again, promising to keep the nation out of war while preparing to some degree for conflict. Wilkie advocated greater preparedness and attacked s New Deal. defeats Wilkie and attains a third term. With the war drawing to a close, remained popular. The Republicans again attacked the New Deal and called for a smaller government and a less regulated economy. easily defeated the Republican candidate Dewey. The 1920s Decade Music: The era saw the rise of blues, ragtime, and especially jazz as popular music. Copyright 2006 (March 26 th ) All rights reserved. APUSH Study Guide v2.8 by Meridian Notes. Do not distribute or reproduce without replicating this copyright.
Consumer Items: Electrical devices such as refrigerators and radios became immensely popular household items. The automobile became especially widespread (see People of the Era: Henry Ford ). These were typically purchased on credit rather than directly paid for. Presidents and Politics: Presidential Administrations Administration Date Description Warren G. Harding 1920-1923 Promising a Return to Normalcy, Harding renewed isolationism and laissez-faire. His administration (called the Ohio Gang ), was plagued by scandals including the infamous Teapot Dome affair where the government sold out oil reserves to companies. He died while in office to Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929 Herbert Hoover 1929-1933 be succeeded by vice president Coolidge. Although called Silent Cal, Coolidge was the first president to widely use the radio for speeches. He strictly followed the policy of laissez-faire, refraining from any type of intervention with free markets. Hoover authorized several engineering projects, promising to end poverty. However, the stock market crashed during his term, beginning the Great Depression. Initially trying to balance the budget, Hoover refrained from distributing aid, though he did raise government spending at the end of his term. In Latin America, he began the Good Neighbor policy which was continued by. The Ohio Gang: Refers to Harding s corrupt administration, named after Harding s home state. They were responsible for several scandals during Harding s term. Legislation: Legislation During the 1920s Act Date Description 18 th Amendment 1919 Established Prohibition on the United States but was repealed in 1933 by the 21 st Amendment. 19 th Amendment 1920 Granted women s suffrage, allowed both genders to vote. McNary-Haugen Bill n/a The bill was twice vetoed by Coolidge despite attempts in 1924-1928 to pass the measure. The bill intended to require the government to purchase farming surpluses and sell them abroad. 1922 Reflecting the American isolationist sentiment, the tariff raised rates up to nearly 40% blocking much foreign trade. Laissez-Faire: The lack of business regulation marked this period, where the administrations avoided interference and passively enforced previous regulations. Fordney-McCumber Tariff Literature: Literature in the 1920s Title Author Description The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald Fitzgerald s works typified the jazz age, a period of glamour that characterized the 1920s. This Side of F. Scott
Paradise The Sun Also Rises Fitzgerald Ernest Hemmingway Hemmingway s novels reflected the Lost Generation, the generation between World War I and the Great Depression. The Black Movement: Beginning in Harlem, the cultural renaissance arose as blacks embraced their heritage and their black culture. The movement included writers such as Langston Hughes and musicians like Louis Armstrong. Foreign Policy: 1920 s Foreign Policy Policy Date Description Washington Naval Conference 1921-1922 A conference called by president Hoover, it concluded in a series of treaties promising naval disarmament. Led by Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, it focused on limiting Japanese aggression in the Pacific, establishing a set ratio of ships. The conference resulted in three Power treaties (below). 1922 The Japanese agreed to follow Hughes s naval ratio after they received compensations. Five-Power Naval Treaty Four-Power Treaty 1922 Britain, France, Japan, and U.S. would preserve status quo in pacific. This replaced and expanded the old Anglo-Japanese Alliance. Nine-Power Treaty 1922 Open Door Policy would be kept in China. Kellog-Briand Pact 1928 An international pact between multiple nations where each side promised to renounce war against each other. The U.S. approved of the treaty with the reservation that the treaty would not infringe upon the right of self-defense. Immigration Laws Act Date Description Emergency Quota Act 1921 Set a 3% entry rate of immigrants based on the 1910 census. The act favored southeast Europe immigrants. National Origins Act 1924 Amended the 1921 act to favor northwest Europe immigrants. The entry rate was reduced to 2% and the 1890 was utilized instead. Immigration Act 1929 Cut immigration in half, entry numbers were based on the 1920 census. Asians were excluded but residents of nations in the Americas were not restricted. The 1930s Decade The Hawley-Smoot Tariff: Passed under Hoover, the tariff raised rates to an unprecedented 60%, stifling foreign trade and contributing to World War I debtor nations inability to repay debts to the U.S. It further deepened the Great Depression and illustrates the American isolationist sentiment. Good Neighbor Policy: Begun by Hoover, the policy was pursed by calling for better Latin American relations. renounced military intervention and with the withdrawal of Marines from occupied countries, relations greatly improved.
The First Hundred Days: Upon entering office, began enacting a series of legislation to provide relief and begin recovery. Most of his first actions targeted banks and created unemployment relief. Response to the Depression: s Response Relief and Recovery 1 st Hundred Days Relief and Recovery First New Deal Recovery and Reform Second New Deal Banking and Financial Policies: Great Depression Banking Policies Policy Date Description Emergency Banking Act 1933 Instituted the bank holiday which suspended temporarily all banking activities and allowed inspection of bank records. Glass-Steagall Banking Act 1933 Insured bank deposits in order to restore faith in the banking system and stimulate the economy. Securities Act 1933 Allowed government to supervise issuing of stocks, required risk of investments to be accurately disclosed. Banking Act 1935 Established the Federal Reserve Board to control openmarket operations. The Great Depression: New Deal Programs Organization Date Description National Industrial Recovery Act (NRA, also NIRA) 1933 Created the National Recovery Administration to regulate industry wages and working hours and other codes of fair competition. It was symbolized by the blue eagle. The Supreme Court later declared the act Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Agricultural Adjustment unconstitutional for interfering with state s rights. 1933 A New Deal agency created to generate electricity around the Tennessee river valley. It was subject to much controversy since the government would be directly competing with private electric companies. It also helped improve farming practices around the depleted land of the region. 1933 A New Deal Program established to provide relief to young unemployed men. The organization created conservation projects, including those to prevent erosion and develop national parks. 1933 and The act paid farmers to reduce crop area in order to prevent overproduction. However, it was declared
Association (AAA) 1938 unconstitutional by the Supreme Court since it specifically taxed the farmers. The AAA was reenacted in 1938 funded by general taxation in order to maintain high prices and low surpluses. Works Progress Administration (WPA) 1935 Expanded relief programs begun by Hoover (FERA), targeted household unemployed (youth had a separate program) with the gold of employing the jobless until the economy recovered. Writers, musicians, actors, and students also found part time jobs. Social Security Act 1935 Established unemployment compensation fund, provided financial assistance to elderly and handicapped New Deal Critics: See People of the Era Labor Unions: Labor Unions Union Date Description American Federation of Labor (AFL) 1886-1955 The AFL favored craft unionism, where the workers would organize by skill or trade rather than industry. Workers would negotiate by function, even if they were in the same industry as differently skilled Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) 1935-1955 members. The CIO split from the AFL. The union called for industry unionism, where all workers in the same industry would unite regardless of skill. It also introduced the sit-down strike. The Wagner Act: Also known as the National Labor Relations Act, the New Deal law protected the worker s right to organize in unions, collectively bargain, and participate in strikes. The Supreme Court: The Supreme Court generally did not support s New Deal programs, declaring several of them (including AAA and NRA) unconstitutional. attempted to pack the court by expanding the number of justices and filling the positions with his supporters, but failed against public outcry. World War II Isolationist Movement: Led by Charles Lindbergh and historian Charles A. Beard, included organizations such as the America First Committee which opposed U.S. involvement in World War II. Although an initially potent political force, there were essentially silenced by the Bombing of Pearl Harbor. The Stimson Doctrine: Secretary of State Henry Stimson issued in 1932 a doctrine stating that the U.S. will not recognize any territory obtained by force by the Japanese in the Pacific and China. The Neutrality Acts: The Neutrality Acts Neutrality Act of Passed in response to Italy s invasion of Ethiopia, prohibited the sale 1935 of arms by citizens to any belligerents. Neutrality Act of Specifically prohibited the sale of war materials, which was not 1936 covered in the 1935 act. Neutrality Acts of Two acts were passed in response to the Spanish Civil War, tightened
1937 restrictions on citizen assistance to any belligerent. Neutrality Act of Amended previous acts, allowed sales to belligerents through the 1939 cash and carry basis. The cash and carry policy allowed sale of war materials if the recipient should pay in cash and transport the material themselves. The act clearly favored France and Great Britain which controlled sea lanes. Lend Lease Act of Amended the Neutrality Acts, permitted the president to transfer the 1941 ownership of any article of defense provided that it would be returned at the end of the war. Neutrality Acts of 1935-1937: The Acts were aimed at preventing U.S. participation in the war. The acts prevented both government and private aid to any belligerent. They were amended, however, by the 1939 act to legally allow some support to the European democracies. Movement towards War: The Spanish Civil War Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937 Invasion of Poland Neutrality Act of 1939 Fall of France Lend-Lease Act Destroyer Deal with Great Britain Bombing of Pearl Harbor: On December 7 th, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. The act of aggression brought the United States officially into World War II. The Atlantic Charter: An agreement formed between the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin, it set 8 points for post-war goals, although the U.S. had not yet officially entered the war. It affirmed selfdetermination of governments, opposed imperialism, and promoted disarmament. War Strategy: World War II Strategies European Theatre Pacific Theatre Defeating Germany Island Hopping 1940 Invasion of Poland 1941 Pearl Harbor 1940 Fall of France 1942 Battle of Midway 1940-41 Battle of Britain 1945 Battle of Iwo Jima and 1942-43 Battle of Stalingrad Okinowa 1942 Battle of El Alamien 1945 Bombing of Hiroshima and 1943 Invasion of Italy Nagasaki 1944 Invasion of Normandy (D-Day) 1944 Battle of Bulge Blitzkrieg: Lightning war utilized by Hitler and his army, which would sweep an area extremely fast and pull out when damage was done
Supreme Court Cases Case Date Description Adkins v. Children s Hospital 1923 federal minimum wage legislation for women was an unconstitutional infringement of liberty of contract, as protected by the Fifth Amendment Schechter v. U.S. 1935 The sick chicken case where the Supreme Court ruled the regulations set by the NRA unconstitutional. The legislation had granted the president the power to establish regulations which was deemed as overstepping the separation of powers. Korematsu v. U.S. 1944 The Supreme Court upheld the government s decision to restrict the rights of the Japanese-Americans as a wartime necessity. People of the Era Father Charles E. Coughlin Dr. Francis Townshend William Jennings Bryans Alfred Smith Huey Long Andrew Mellon Charles Evans Hughes Henry Ford Critics of the New Deal Although an initial supporter of, he became increasingly opposed to s New Deal. He regularly broadcasted speeches on the radio and became immensely popular. His anti-semitic views and radicalism, however, eventually lost him much audience. A retired physician who lost his life savings during the Great Depression. He proposed that the government give $200 a month to all senior citizens over 60 provided that they would spend all the money in a montho, a plan that was attractive but unfeasible. Politicians Former Democratic candidate for several elections and champion of free silver, he appeared in the period in the infamous Scopes trial as the Fundamentalist lawyer upholding legislation against evolution. The Catholic and wet (alcoholic during Prohibition) Democratic candidate that faced Hoover in the 1928 election (See Elections ). A Louisiana Democratic Senator who split from after his election and planned to mount his own presidential bid. He was noted for extreme populist view and proposed a Share Our Wealth program to give every family $5,000 supposedly at the expense of the rich. He was assassinated in 1935. The Secretary of Treasury during Harding s administration, he created tax policies favoring rapid expansion of capital investment. Governor of New York, United States Secretary of State, and Chief Justice of the United States. As Republican governor, gained national fame as investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust Other Founder of the Ford Motor Company and first to apply assembly line manufacturing to the production automobiles. He revolutionized industrial production in the United States and Europe, and had such influence over the 20th century economy and society that his combination of mass production, high wages, and low cost is called "Fordism."