Second Edition Political Theory Ideas and Concepts Sushila Ramaswamy
POLITICAL THEORY Ideas and Concepts Second Edition SUSHILA RAMASWAMY Associate Professor Department of Political Science Jesus and Mary College University of Delhi Delhi-110092 2015
POLITICAL THEORY: Ideas and Concepts, Second Edition Sushila Ramaswamy 2015 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN-978-81-203-5048-9 The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Raj Press, New Delhi-110012.
To the memory of Sir Isaiah Berlin (1909 1997), one of the finest and most formidable exponent of freedom and pluralism in our times
Contents Preface...xiii Preface to the First Edition... xv 1. Nature of Political Theory... 1 Political Theory and Other Interrelated Terms 2 Meaning of the Political and Different Ideologies 5 Usages of Political Theory 7 As the History of Political Thought 7 As Technique of Analysis 8 As Conceptual Clarification 9 As Formal Model Building 9 As Theoretical Political Science 10 Key Theoretical Concepts 10 Changing Context of Words and Its Implication for Political Theory 12 Approaches to Political Theory 13 Conclusion 18 Further Readings 18 Endnotes 19 2. Contemporary Political Theory... 20 Positivism 20 Logical Positivism 21 Linguistic Philosophy 24 Behaviouralism 26 Criticisms of Behaviouralism 29 Is Political Theory Dead? 31 Revival of Political Theory 34 Defence of the Classical Tradition 40 Berlin and Wolin 40 Kuhn s Seminal Contribution 44 Post Behaviouralism and Neo-Behaviouralism 45 Conclusion 46 Further Readings 47 v
vi Contents 3. Politics, Power and Authority... 48 Politics: An Activity and an Academic Discipline 48 Traditional Approach 49 New Approaches 49 Institutional Approach 50 What is Politics? 50 Power, Rule and Authority 52 Authoritative Allocation of Values 52 Collective Choice, Consensus or Conflict 55 Notion of Power 56 Analysis of Power 59 Hobbes and Locke 59 Elitists and Pluralists 61 Critics of Mills 63 Criticism 66 Reformed and Neo-Pluralism 67 Class and Power The Marxists 67 Group and Power: The Subaltern View 70 Gender, Patriarchy and Power Feminist View 71 Power as Consent 75 Authority 76 Conclusion 78 Further Readings 80 Endnote 81 4. State Different Perspectives... 82 State and Society Through Ages: Notion of Civil Society 84 Law and the State 92 Central Perspectives on the State 95 Liberal Democratic State 96 Communitarian State 103 Libertarian State 104 Idealist/Organic State 105 Fascist State 109 Conservative State 110 Marxist State 112 Dictatorship of the Proletariat 113 Criticisms by the Anarchists and Social Democrats 116 The Leninist State 119 Debate on the Advanced Capitalist State 123 Anarchist State 125 Social Democratic State 128 Fabian State 130
Contents vii Weber s Analysis 130 Totalitarian State 131 Feminist Critique 133 Post Colonial State 134 Conclusion 134 Further Readings 135 Endnotes 135 5. State Origins and Developments... 137 Social Contract Theory 137 Contract Doctrine in Modern Times 139 Critics of the Contract Doctrine 144 Evolutionary Theory 149 Rise and Development of the Modern Nation State 151 Tribes without Rulers 151 Chiefdoms 152 City States 153 Empires 155 Feudalism 155 Polity of Estates 157 Absolutist States 158 Modern State 160 Marxism, Anarchism and the National Question 163 Nation States in the Developing World 164 Globalisation and the Future of the State 164 Further Readings 166 Endnotes 166 6. Sovereignty... 168 Legal or Monist Theory of Sovereignty of the State 170 Criticisms of Austin s Theory 178 Pluralist Theory of Sovereignty 179 Sovereignty and Globalisation 183 Conclusion 184 Further Readings 184 7. Political Obligation... 185 Different Notions of Political Obligation 186 Unconditional Obligation 186 Conditional Obligation 187 Political Obligation to a Just Government 191 Political Obligation due to Self-interest and Gratitude 192
viii Contents Political Obedience as Self-determinism 193 Non-consensual Obligation 194 Unconditional Freedom from Obligation 195 Further Readings 195 8. Civil Disobedience... 197 Activist-Theoretician: Thoreau, Gandhi, King and Russell 200 Gandhi s Views 203 Rawls Analysis 207 Other Views 209 Further Readings 210 9. Citizenship... 211 Citizenship Through the Ages 212 Citizenship and the City-state 212 Renaissance Republicanism 215 Marshall s Analysis 216 Critics of Marshall 219 Cosmopolitan Citizenship 224 Ideologies and Citizenship 227 Citizenship and Education 232 Differentiated Citizenship 233 Conclusion 234 Further Readings 234 Endnotes 235 10. Rights... 236 Theories Rights 239 Natural Rights Theory 239 Historical Theory 241 Legal Theory 244 Idealist View 246 Marxist Critique 247 Libertarian View 248 Rights and Community 248 Social Welfare Theory 250 Choice Theory 251 Interest Theory 252 Human Rights 252 Bases of Rights 253 Freedom and Rights 253
Contents ix Equality and Rights 254 Autonomy and Rights 254 Is the Western Tradition Individualistic? 255 Conclusion 256 Further Readings 257 Endnotes 257 11. Liberty... 258 Different Conceptions 258 Notion of Free Will 261 Different Ideologies and Freedom 262 Negative and Positive Liberty 265 Mill s Analysis 269 Berlin s Analysis: Freedom And Pluralism 274 Recent Conceptions: Raz and Rawls 280 Raz s Conception 280 Rawls Conception 282 Further Readings 285 Endnote 286 12. Justice... 287 Notions of Justice 287 Ancient and Medieval Conceptions 291 Plato 291 Early Modern Conceptions 295 Liberal Theory: The Utilitarian Tradition 296 Liberal Theory: The Contractual Tradition 297 Critique of Utilitarianism 299 Contractual Tradition 301 Libertarian Theories of Justice 312 Egalitarian Theory 317 Communitarian Theories 320 Socialist Conception 322 Feminist Theories 324 Subalternism 329 Global Justice 329 Further Readings 331 Endnotes 332 13. Equality... 335 Types of Equality 335 Foundational Notion 336
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