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RECENT STATISTICS ON HOMICIDE IN CANADA, WITH DATA ON INMATES AND STAFF IN CANADIAN PENITENTIARIES M M!Si arlm INFORMATION SYSTEMS & STATISTICS DIVISION t»arv MINISER OF fne SOMITOR GENERAL JAN 5 1982 BtiitiOïtiÈQUE Ministère Du Soliciteur Générat RESEARCH & SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT BRANCH HV 6535.C2 D6r no.1 ei * Solicitor General Solliciteur général Canada Canada
1-1-11 6s35 NOT FOR CIRCULATION OUTSIDE THE MINISTRY OF THE SOLICITOR GENERAL a 0, /RE CENT STATISTICS ON HOMICIDE IN CANADA, WITH DATA ON INMATES AND STAFF IN CANADIAN PENITENTIARIES 1.7R«"«...""«...«. MINISTRY OF THE SOLICITOR JUtt; 5 1984 B IBLIOTHÈQUE MINISTÈRE DU SOLLICI I EsJR GÉNÉRAL te,r? MINISTRY OF ihe SOLICITOR GENERAL jan â 1982 Prepared by: SIBLIOTI-itQUE lyiinistère Du Soliciteur Gértéral Phyllis herty StatistiCs Support Service Information Systems and Statistics Division Ministry of the Solicitor General July, 1978
1 TABLE OF CONTENTS A. INTRODUCTION FACT SHEET ON HOMICIDE IN CANADA B. DEFINITIONS: B.1 Homicide in Canada - 1961 to Date B.2 Legal Intervention C. STATISTICS ON: HOMICIDE IN CANADA Table C.1: Homicides in Canada, by Provinces and Territories, in Numbers and Rates per 100,000 Population, 1968.to 1977 Table C.2: Adults Originally Charged with Murder Punishable by Death and Sent to Trial, by Age, Sex, and by Disposition, Canada, 1961- to 1974 : Inmates Serving Sentences for Homicide Table C.3: Table C.4: Legal Intervention Deaths by Type, Males and Females, Canada, 1968 to 1975. Number of Policemen and Custodial Officers Murdered, 1968 to 1978 (Part) D. STATISTICS ON: INMATES IN FEDERAL PENITNETIARIES I. INMATES IN CUSTODY Table 0.1: Number of Inmates in Federal Penitentiaries, by Province, 1968 to 1978 Graph 0.1: Distribution of Male and Total Federal Inmate Population, 1968 to 1978 Table 0.2: Male and Female Federal Inmate Populations and Rates per 100,000 Population, 1969 to 1977 II. DEATHS OF INMATES Table 0.3: Type of Death of Federal Inmates on Register, by Institutional Security Level, Canada 1972 to 1976 Table D.4: Federal Inmates Murdered within Institutional Walls, by Institution, Canada 1967 to 31 August 1977
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) E. STATISTICS ON: FEDERAL CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION STAFF I. NUMBER OF CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION STAFF Table E.1: Authorized Establishment of Staff in Federal Penitentiaries, Indicating Correctional Officers. Ather and Tntal_ Staff by Region, for. :1971-72 to 1978-79
A. INTRODUCTION This report is an attempt to clarify the information on homicide in Canada. It is hoped that it will be useful to the staff of the Ministry and helpful when answering questions from the public on this timely topic. Data are also provided on angther topic of current interest, inmates and staff of penitentiaries. Data were collected from a variety of sources and are presented here in a number of distinct sections. Section B describes the changes in the definition of murder since 1961 and also describes legal intervention deaths. Wherever possible the data have been presentéd from 1968 to the present. Section C on homicide in Canada, gives a breakdown by type of offence, and province, in numbers and rates per 100,000 population for 1968 to 1977. This is followed by a breakdown of the number of adults sent to prison for homicide from 1961 to 1974 and a table on legal intervention deaths. There is also a table on the number of policemen and custodial officers murdered since 1968 to June, 1978. Section D deals with inmates in federal Penitentiaries and deaths of inmates from various causes. Section E deals with the number of guards and total staff in penitentiaries. These figures will be updated as new data become available.
FACT SHEET ON HOMICIDE IN CANADA The following fact sheet is an attempt to offer succinct answers to frequently asked questions about homicide in Canada. References are made to the more complete answers provided elsewhere in this report. Q.1 How many federal inmates are serving sentences for homicide? A.1 As of January, 1978 there were 9,479 federal inmates of which 834 were serving sentences for homicide; 16 for attempted murder 22 for manslaughter 796 for murder. This is 8.8% of the total number of federal inmates (text C.2). Q.2 How many deaths have there been by "legal intervention" since 1968? A.2 There were a total of 79 deaths by legal intervention from 1968 to 1975, the majority (63 deaths or 80%) occurred with firearms. (Table C.3) Q.3_ How many policemen and prison guards have been killed in Canada since 1968? A.3 Since 1968 ud as of Jun,3 15, 1978, 45 policemen and 5 custodial otficers were killed. (Table. C.4) Q.4 Has the penitentiary population been increasing over the past ten years, and if so, by how much? A.4 The penitentiary population of Canada has increased from 7,026 to 9,479 since 1968 - an increase of 34.9% over the past 10 years. The population of Canada has increased by 13.3% over the same 10 years from 20,701,000 to 23,444,200 (Table D.1).
B. DEFINITIONS B.1 Homicide in Canada - 1961 to date Since 1961 the legal definition of murder and the maximum or mandatory sentence for it have undergone several changes. Specifically, the definition of one type of murder and its mandatory penalty have changed four times. Before Sept. 1, 1961 all murder was capital murder and anyone found guilty of murder was automatically sentenced to death. Unless the Governor General commuted the sentence to life imprisonment, the convicted person would be executed. As of Sept. 1, 1961 amendments to the Criminal Code differentiated between Capital and Non-Capital murder. Capital murder included premeditated murder, the murder of a policeman or of a prison Officer and employee, or murder committed during the commission of another criminal act. The required penalty was death by hanging. All other types of murder constituted non-capital murder. The mandatory sentence was life imprisonment. As of December 30, 1967 capital murder was re-defined. Capital murder included the killing of police officers or prison officers and employees. All other murders were classified as noncapital. This was the beginning of a five year moratoritim on Capital Punishment. As of January 1, 1974 the Criminal Law Amendment (Capital Punishment) Act was proclaimed law. By this law the term "capital punishment" was replaced by "murder punishable by death" and consisted only of killing a law officer or a Prison - officer or prison
- th -elt-ëîm " non-capital murder "murder punishable by lifè _ iffiprisonmentn. punishment was given a further five year term.. " was rehlaced by the term --- The moratorium on capital As of July 26, 1976 Bill C-84 was proclaimed law. By this law the government abolished _ the death pènalty and instituted mandatory sentences of life imprisonment, -- with rigorous conditions - of - parole eligibility- for- persons convicted of Murder. The -length' of time to - bè- served- Wol-Ild denend on whetser thélé-r-sbn was convictéd -6f first or second degree murder. This is the case to date. First degree murder includes: (a) planned or deliberate murder, including "contract" killing; (h) the murder of a police officer or of an employee of a penitentiary or prison while in the line of duty; and (c) murder committed in the course of an aircraft hijacking, a kidnapping, and certain sexual offences including rape and attempted rape. Persons convicted of first degree murder must serve 25 years of imprisonment before they are eligible to be considered for parole for the first.time.. Second- degree murder indludes, all eirders, such as murders of passion, not falling under'the heading df first degree murder,. Person's conyicted of Second degree murder will not be elieble to be
considered for parole until they have completed 10 years of their sentences. In second degree murder cases, however, the judge may, after seeking the view of the jury, increase the Mandatory period of imprisonment without eligibility for parole to a maximum of 25 years. Infanticide Infanticide is the act of a mother who, under certain cirumstances, takes the life of her newly-born child. The maximum punishment upon conviction Is five years imprisonment. From 1961 to 1973 all infanticide convictions were classified as "other lesser offences" for statistical purposes. As of 1974 they were classified as a distinct type of homicide. These changes should be kept in mind when examining the homicide statistics which follow.
B. DEFINITIONS (CONT'D.) B.2 Legal Intervention 'Death by legal intervention includes death as a result of injuries inflicted by the police, or other law enforcing agents, including military on duty, in the course of arresting or attempting to arrest lawbreakers, suppressing disturbances, maintaining order, and other legal action. It also includes legal execution. It does not include injuries caused by civil insurrections. Statistics Canada codes these types of death according th an international classification, as follows: E970 Injury due to legal intervention by firearms Includes: shot gunshot wound injury by: " machine-gun. revolver rifle E971 InjeY due to legal intervention by explosives InCludes: injury by: dynamite Eg72 grenadé môrtar bomb Injury due to legal intervention by gas_ Includes: asphyxiation by gas ihjury by tear gas poisoning by gas E973 IhtludeS: Injury due'to legal tntervention by blunt. object hit, struck by:;..baton. blunt 'object - Stave
E974 Injury due to légal intervention by cutting and piercing instruments Includes: cut incised wound injury by bayonet Ste wood E975 Injury due to legal intervention by other specified means Includes: blow man-handling E976 Injury due to legal intervention by unspecified means E977 Late effect of injuries due to legal intervention Includes: death or disability reported as late effect of or occurring as sequel/a/one year or more after injury resulting from legal intervention classifiable to E970-E976 E978 Legal execution Includes: all exécutions performed at the behest of the judiciary or ruling authority (whether Permanent or temporary), such as: asphyxiation by gas beheading, decapitation (by guillotine) capital punishment electrocution hanging poisoning shooting other specifted means - In 1968 there: wàs only onè classification of Legal Intervention: E984 Infury-by intervention of police This title includes injuries nécessarïlv inflicted by the police in the course of arresting or attempting to arrest law breakers, suppressing disturbances, and Main-taining Orde. This title exclues: execution (E985) injuries caused by civil insurrections (E990-E999) SOURCE:. Classification of Disease (Adapted) U.S, -O0Yernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 7th revision, 1968 and 8th revision, 1969
C. STATISTICS ON: HOMICIDE IN CANADA TABLE C.1 Homicides in Canada, by Provinces and Territories, in Numbers and Rates per 100,000 Population, 1968-1977 Discussion: The number of homicides which occurred in Canada from 1968 to 1977, with population,are presented. These figures are shown for Canada as a whole and also for each Province, the Yukon and the Northwest Territories', as reported to the police; not ii - âtermined bytthe courts - _ The reader is advised of the following limitations of the data: - For 1968 to 1973: Homicide - Total does not_include infanticide _. For 1968 to.1973: Murder includes -- - capital and non-capital murder For 1977: Murder does not ihclude attempted murder 1976 and 1977: statistics are preliminary and for 1977 the data do not include attempted murder. The number of homicides rises stead'ily over the years, but more important, the rates also rise from each previous year. In 1968 there were a total of 555 homicides -1. --év 1976 - this figure had more than doubled to 1,344. The total population of Canada has increased from 20,701,000 to 23,086,000 by 1976 - an increase of 10.3% Att the same time homicide increased by 58.7%, and rose from a rate of 3.1 to 5.8 per 100,000 population.
However, when we examine attempted murder, we see that In 1968 -there - were 181 attempted. murders and by 1976 there were 694, an increase of 383.4%. Whereas in 1968 attempted murder _ accounted for 32.6% of all homicides, by 1976 it was 51.6% of the total. Manslaughter on the other hand decreased from 60 in 1968 to 46 cases in 1976. Further, although in 1968 manslaughter accounted for 10.8% of all homicides, by 1976 it decreased to 3.4% of the total. The trend. thus appears to be an increase in the Proportion of attempted. murderwith. a déc-réïïe ih -the7 fiiimber and _. proportton of manslaughter to the total homicide count.
OM UM 11111 MI UM UM MI 111113 ---- 1 TABLE C.1 HOMICIDES IN CANADA, BY PROVINCES AND TERRITORIES, IN NUMBER AND RATES PER In0,000 POPULATION, 1968 TO 1977 NORTH- PRINCE N'EST YEAR OFFENCE NEW- EDWARD NOVA NEW SASKAT- BRITISH TERRI- CANADA iioundland ISLAND SCOTIA BRUNSWICK QUEBEC ONTARIO MANITOBA CHEMAN ALBERTA COLUMBIA YUKON TORIES..., 1968 HOMICIDE - TOTAL (1.. NO. 555 5 10 6 187 138 47 38 36 87 1 - RATE 3.1 1.2 1-6 1.2 3.7 2.2 5.7 4.6 2.8 5.0 8.1 - (2) Murder '0 314 4 9 3 82 88 25 21 22 59 1 - RATE 1.8 1.0 1.4 0.6 1.6 1.4 3.0 2.6 1.7 3.4 8.1 - Attempted Murder... NO. 181 - - 1 1 86 34 19 15 11 14 - RATE 1.0 - - 0.2 0.2 1.7 0.5 2.3 1.8 0.9 0.8 - Manslaughter NO. 60 1 - - 2 19 16 3 2 3 14 - RATE 0.3 0.2-0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.8-1969 VOMICIDE - TOTAL (1) NO. 602 8 3 17 '1 225 160 37 46 37 66 1 1 RATE 3.3 1.9 3.2 2.6 0.2 4.3 2.5 4.4 5.6 2.8 3.6 4.7 8.2 Nurder (2) NO. 342 5 1 12 1 115 92 26 29 16 44 1 RATE 1.9 1.2 1.1 1.8 0.2 2.2 1.4 3.1 3.5 1.2 2.4 8.2 Attempted Murder NO. 216 2 2 5-101 51 9 13 14 18 1 - RATE 1.2 0.5 2.1 0.8-1.9 0.8 1.1 1.6 1.1 1.0 4.7 - Manslaughter NO. 44 1-9 17 2 4 7 4 - RATE 0.2 0.2 - - a.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.2-1970 HOMICIDE - T0TAL (1) NO. 724 4 1 19 9 253 173 36 47 62 105 10 5 Murder (2) RATE 3.9 0.9 1.1 3.0 1.7 4.7 2.6 4.2 5.5 4.6 5.5 39.7 37.6 NO. 430 1 1 13 8 1.14 109 25 22 37 68 7 5 RATE 2.3 0.2 1.1 2.0 1.5 2.5 1.6 2.9 2.7 2.7 3.6 27.8 37.6 Attempted Murder NO. 260 3-5 '1 113 58 8 23 20 27 2 - RATE 7.4 0.7 0.8 0.2 2.1 0.9 0.9 2.8 1.5 1.4 7.9 - Manslaughter NO. 34-1 - 6 6 3 2 5 10 1 - RATE 0.2 - - 0.2-0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.5 4.0-1971 HOMICIDE - T0TAL (1)., NO. 808 3 26 13 246 244 52 49 75 96 3 1 Murder (2) RATE 4.2 0.7 3.8 2.3 4.7 3.6 6.0 6.1 5.4 4.9 10.8 7.1 NO. 426 2 15 9 116 134 28 28 39 53 2 - RATE 2.2 0.5 2.2 1.6 2.2 2.0 3.2 3.5 2.8 2.7 7.2 - Attempted Murder NO. 335 1 10 3 122 92 19 20 31 35 J. I. RATE 1.8 0.2 1.5 0.5 2.3 1.3 2.2 2.5 2.2 1.8 3.6 7.1 Manslaughter NO. 47-1 1 8 18 5 1 5 8 - RATE 0.2-0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.4-1972 HOMICIDE - TOTAL (1) NO. 931 6 2 22 16 106 252 56 53 71 141 2 4 RATE 4.3 1.2 1.8 2.8 2.5 5.1 3.2 5.6 5.7 4.4 6.2 10.6 11.2 Murder NO. 479 3 1 14 9 148 132 35 27 29 77 2 2 RATE 2.2 0.6 0.9 1.8 1.4 2.5 1.7 3.5 2.9 1.8 3.4 10.6 5.6 Attempted Murder NO. 412 3 8 5 151 111 20 25 34 54 1 RATE 1.9 0.6 1.0 0.8 2.5 1.4 2.0 2.7 2.1 2.4 2.8 Manslaughter NO. 40-1 - 2 7 9 1 1 8 10 1 RATE 0.2-0.9-0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.4 2.8 1973 HOMICIDE - TOTAL (1) NO. 1,023 6 1 24. 21 322 300 54 68 72 141 6 8 RATE 4.6 1.1 0.9 2.9 3.2 5.2 3.8 5.4 7.5 4.4 6.1 30.4 21.1 Murder NC. 474 4 14 13 134 147 35 19 28 73 3 4 RATE 2.1 0.7 1.7 2.0 2.2 1.9 3.5 2.1 1.7 3.2 15.2 10.6 Attampted Murder NO. 483 2 1 6 4 167 138 17 45 38 59 3 3 RATE 2.2 0.4 0.9 ' 0.7 0.6 2.7 1.7 1.7 5.0 2.3 2.5 15.2 7.9 Manslaughter NO. 66-4 4 21 15 2 4 6 9 1 RATE 0.3-0.5 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4-2.6
MI MI OM IIIIII UM MI UN Mill MI 1111 1 UM MI Mall TABLi. (ConrIno,d) HOMICIDES IN CANADA, BY PROVINCES AND TERRITORIES, IN NUMBa AND RATES PER 100,000 POPULATION, 1968 TO 1977 PRINCE YEAR OFFENCE NEW- rudand NOVA NEW SASKAT- Kunst! TERRI- CANADA FOONDLANO ISLAND SCOTIA 1RUNSWICK QUEBEC ONTARIO EmN1TO8A CREUAN ALermu COLUMBIA YUKON TORIES,.. 1974 HOMICIDE - TOTAL.. NO. 1,123 3 2 20 28 387 280 64 58 93 171 6 11 RATE 5.0 0.6 1.7 2.5 4.2 6.3 3.5 6.3 6.4 5.4 7.1 30.9 29.3 Murder, capital NO. 7 - - 2 1-1 - 1 2 - - RATE - - - - 0.3 - - 0.1-0.1 0.1 - Murder, non-capital. NO. 538 2 2 6 14 159 143 38 29 37 98 2 8 RATE 2.4 0.4 1.7 0.7 2.1 2.6 1.8 3.8 3.2 2.2 4.1 10.3 21.3 Manslaughter 10. 53 1-3 4 10 13 3 2 7 7 3 RATE 0.2 0.2 _ 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 15.5 Infanticide ro. 4 - - - - 1 3 - - - RATE - - - - - - - _ - - - Attempted Murder NO. 521-11 8 216 121 22 27 48 64 1 3 RATE 2.3 - - 1.4 1.2 3.5 1.5 2.2 3.0 2.8 2.7 5.2 8.0 NORTH- WEST 1975 HOMICIDE - TOTAL NO. 1,339 9-21 14 446 390 76 69 107 192 8 7 RATE 5.9 1.6-2.6 2.1 7.2 4.7 7.5 7.5 6.1 7.8 38.1 18.4 Murder, capital NO. 5-1 - 3 - - - 1 - - RATE - - 0.1 - - - - - - - Murder, non-capital. NO. 628 3-13 11 2117 187 32 31 45 90 6 3 RATE 2.8 0.5-1.6 1.6 3.3 2.3 3.1 3.4 2.5 3.7 28.6 7.9 Manslaugther NO. 63 1 - - 1 15 19 4 3 14 3-3 RATE 0.3 0.2 - - 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.1-7.9 Infanticide NO. 1 - - - - - 1 - _ - RATE - - - - - - 0,1 - - Attempted Murder NO. 642 5 - / 2 221 184 40 35 47 98 2 1 RATE 2.8 0.9-0.9 0.3 3.6 2.2 3.9 3.o 2.7 4.0 9.5 2.o 1976 (P HOMICIDE - TOTAL NO. 1,344 5 4 29 23 498 334 87 71 131 144 5 13 RATE 5.8 0.9 3.3 3.5 3.3 8.0 4.0 8.5 7.6 7.2 5.8 23.8 34.2 Murder, capital NO. 17-1 - 1 5 5 1-1 1 2 RATE.1-0.8-0.2 0.1 1.1 0.1-0.1 0.04 9.5 larder, non-capital. NO. 580 3 1 23 9 181 160 26 31 59 78 1 8 RATE 2.5 0.5 0.8 2.8 1.3 2.9 1.9 2.5 3.3 3.2 3.1 4.8 21.1 Mansleugther NO. 46 - - 2 3 7 18 4 3 5 3 1 RATE 0.2 - - 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 1.3 0.3 0.1 4.8 Infanticide '0. 7 2 - - 2 2-1 - RATE 0.03 0.4 - - 0.03 0.02-0.0f - Attempted hurler... NO. 694-2 4 10 303 149 56 37 65 62 1 5 RATE 3.0-1.7 0.5 1.5 4.9 1.8 5.5 4.0 3.6 2.5 4,8 13.2 1977 (P) LOMICIDE - TOTAL (3).. NO. 718 7 1 14 3 8 204 192 45 50 69 88 6 4 RATE 3.1 Murder NO. 631 6-11. 13 195 174 39 44 61 81 4 3 RATE 2.7 Manslaughter NO. 82 1 1 3 25* 8 15 6 6 7 7 2 1 RATE 0 Infanticide NO. 5 - - - 1 3-1 - - RATE NA (P) Preliminary tigurea/rates may not aggregate to totals due to rounding. (1) Does not include infantic1de (2) Includes capital and non-capital murder (3) Does not include attempted murder * Includes one incident involving 21 persons killed in a prison fire. PREPARED BY: Information Systems & Statistics Division Miniatry of the Solicitor General June, 1978 SOURCES: Statistics Canada, Crime Statistics, 1968-1975, Cat. 0 85-205 Statitics Canada, Service Bulletin, Vol. 5, No. 3, October 1977 Statistics Canada, Daily., Friday, March 10, 1978, Cat. 0 11-001E
C. STATISTICS ON: HOMICIDE IN CANADA (CONT'D.) TABLE C.2 Adults Originally Charged with Murder Punishable by Death and Sent to Trial, by Age, Sex, and by Disposition, Canada 1961 to 1974 Discussion: The dispositions of males and females who were originally charged with murder punishable by death in Canada are presented for 1961 to 1974 by age categories. Convictions for infanticide are available for 1974 only. There has not been anyone exeêuted in Canada since December 11, 1962. Between 1956 and 1962, more death sentences were commuted than were ever executed in any one year. For males and females the largest number of convictions occurred in the age group 20-29: 43% of all convictions of males and 43% of all convictions of females. No female was convicted of murder punishable by death or life imprisonment during these years. In the total of tnese three disposition categories there were 23 times as many men as women convicted: 527 men/23 women. Inmates serving sentences for homicide: As of January, 1978* there were 796 inmates in federal institutions - serving time for murder, 16 for attempted murder and 22 for manslaughter, for a total of 834 of 9,479. Thus 3.8% of federal inmates are currently serving time for homicide in Canada. * Canadian Penitentiary Service, Operational Information Services Division.
am um um am am ma am am am vim mu mu Nu ma am ow ma ma BR TABLE C.2 ADULTS ORIGINALLY CHARGED WITH MURDER PUNISHABLE BY_DEATH AND SENT TO TRIAL, BY AGE, SEX, AND BY DISPOSITION, CANADA 1961 TO 1974 DISPOSITION AGE AND SEX OF ADULTS 16-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60 & OVER ALL AGES MFMFMFMFMFMF M F TOTAL Convicted of murder punishable by death 16-30 - 14-9 - 3-2 - 74 _ 74 Convicted of murder punishable by life imprisonment 38-109 - 52-22 - 9-8 - 238-238 Convicted of manslaughter, infanticide(1) 22 2 88 10 57 7 25 3 16-7 1 215 23 238 TOTAL 76 2 227 10 123 7 56 3 28-17 1 527 23 550 (1) Includes convictions for infanticide only after January 1, 1974. For the years 1961 to 1973, all infanticide convictions were classified as "Other lesser offences" for statistical purposes. SOURCE: Homicide in Canada, A Statistical Synopsis, Statistics Canada, Cat. #85-505E, June, 1976 PREPARED BY: Information Systems & Statistics Division Ministry of the Solicitor General June, 1978
C. STATISTICS ON: HOMICIDE IN CANADA (CONT'D.) TABLE C.3 Legal Intervention Deaths by Type, Males and Females, Canada, 1968 to 1975 Discussion: The deaths of men and women which resulted from legal intervention are presented by type of death from 1968 to 1975. Legal intervention deaths include deaths occurring as a result of injuries inflicted by the police or other law enforcement agents in the course of arresting or attempting to arrest lawbreakers. Death by legal intervention can also occur while the law officers are attempting to suppress a disturbance, maintain order or are taking other legal action. Legal intervention also includes legal executions, it does not include injuries caused by civil insurrections. A more detailed breakdown is given in Section B. In 1968 there was only one classification for legal intervention - intervention by police. From 1969 to 1975, although the police may be the agents in legal intervention, it may be a prison guard or other law enforcement agent as well. However, this distinction by "agent" is not apparent from the data. Although there are a possible ten classifications of death by legal intervention, only five are
listed in the table: firearms, blunt object, other specified means, other unspecified means, and for 1968 - intervention by police. There have been no legal executions and no deaths by gas or explosives over these eight years. There were a total of 79 deaths by legal intervention, the majority occurred with firearms: 63 deaths or 80%. Men are generally the victims in such deaths. Two women (2.5%) and 77 men (97.5%) were killed in legal interventions over these eight years. In 1970 one death of a female occurred with a blunt object, and in 1975 another female was killed with a firearm. More legal intervention deaths occurred in 1971. than in any other year: there were 15, all but one by firearms. The average number of such deaths is 10 a year.
am lie Bali MI UM WM We MI 1111. 111111 MI IMP IMF ille MI OM TABLE C.3 LEGAL INTERVENTION DEATHS BY TYPE, MALES AND FEMALES, CANADA, 1968 TO 1975 TYPE OF LEGAL INTERVENTION CAUSING DEATH 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972.1973 1974 1975 TOTAL FIREARM M - 5 11 14 7 10 8 7 62. F - 1 1 BLUNT OBJECT M - - - - - - F- - 1 - - - - - 1 OTHER SPECIFIED MEANS* M - 1-1 1 _ 3 F - - - - - UNSPECIFIED MEANS M - - - - - 1-1 2 F - - - - - - INTERVENTION OF M 10 - - - - - - - 10 POLICE** F - - - - - - - TOTAL M 10 6 11 15 8 11 8 8 77 F 1 1 2 SOURCES: Statistics Canada, Causes of Death. Catalogue No. 84-203, 1968 to 1975 International Classification of Disease (Adapted). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 7th ed. and 8th ed., 1969 * Includes: blow, manhandling ** In 1968 all "legal interventions" were grouped together under "intervention of police". PREPARED BY: Information Systems & Statistics Division Ministry of the Solicitor General June, 1978
C. STATISTICS ON: HOMICIDE IN CANADA TABLE C. 4 : Number of Policemen and Custodial Officers Murdered, 1968 to 1978 (Part) Discussion: As of January 1, 1974 the murder of a police officer or of a prison officer or employee was the only murder punishable by death. In Canada, these types of murder were always punishable by death until 1976 when Parliament abolished the death penalty. This table presents a yearly breakdown of the number of policemen and guards killed while on duty, from 1968 to_july 11, 1978. Over thi ten year period there have been 45 policemen.and 6 custodial officers murdered in Canada. In 1978, as of July 11, there were 5 policemen and two custodial officers, murdered. Mr. Michel Roy, former Director of Archambault, was shot in the driveway of his home. In 1977 there were a total of 631 murder victims in Canada, including 5 policemen and no custodial officers. Thus,.79% of murder victims were policemen in 1977.
1 TABLE C.4 NUMBER OF POLICEMEN AND CUSTODIAL OFFICERS MURDERED, 1968 TO 1978 (PART) CUSTODIAL POLICEMEN OFFICERS YEAR MURDERED MURDERED TOTAL 1968 5 7 5. 1969 5 _ 5 1970 3-3 1971 3-3 1972 3 1 4 1973 5-5 1974 6 1 7 1975 2 2( 1 ) 4 1976 3-3 1977 5-5 1978( 2 ) 5. 2 (3) 7 TOTAL 45 6 51 (1) One other employee (Steinhauser) was mortally wounded during a hostage taking at British Columbia Penitentiary. (2) As of July 11._ (3) The murder Of Mr. Michel Roy (Director of Archambault Institute) is counted here. He was shot in the driveway of hi - home. 1 PREPARED BY: Information Systems and Statistics Division Ministry of the Solicitor General June, 1978
D. STATISTICS ON: INMATES IN FEDERAL PENITENTIARIES I. INMATES IN CUSTODY TABLE D.1: Number of Inmates in Federal Penitentiaries by Province, 1968-1978 Discussion: Table D.1 presents the number of federal penitentiary inmates in Canada by region for 1968 to March 28, 1978. This table presents the locations where the inmates are incarcerated and not necessarily where they were convicted. The penitentiary population of Canada has increased from 7,026 to 9,479 since 1968 - an increase of 34.9% over the past ten years. The population of Canada has increased by 13.3% over the same ten years, from 20,701,000 to 23,444,200. The number of female federal inmates in Canada has ranged from 98 in 1970 to 166 in 1973. As of January 3, 1978 there were 63 female federal inmates serving sentences in Provincial institutions and another 130 on register in the Prison for Women For a total of 193. This fact is not apparent from the table which indicates a total of 129 females in federal penitentiaries in 1978. This discrepency results from the practice of transferring female federal inmates to provincial institutions. This practice should-
1 1' 1 be kept in mind when viewing this figure. The male population of federal inmates has ranged from 6,917 in 1968 to 9,350 in 1978, an increase of 35%. any year the male inmates are at least 98% of the total federal inmate population. This statement must be qualified by saying that some women are not counted in this total but as many as a 1 third of the females are in fact serving their sentence in a provincial institution. The male inmate population is generally increasing 1 1 1 1 1 1 every year, with a particularly large increase in 1973. trend is plotted in Graph DJ. This 1
--11111111---U- 1111--111111.---1111111---1111111111F --1110'1111111----alF-NA---111111,--111111F-111111111-11111111-1M -111111 " - i! - - TABLE 0.1 NUMBER OF INMATES IN FEDERAL PENITENTIARIES BY PROVINCE, 1968-1978 AS OF MARCH 31, AS OF MARCH 31, AS OF MARCH 31, AS OF DECEMBER 31, AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T Newfoundland 15 0 15 19 0 19 18 0 18 23 0 23 22 0 22 Nova Scotia 175 0 175 189 0 189 206 0 206 257 0 257 298 0 298 New Brunswick 500 0 500 457 0 457 451 0 451 406 0 406 554 0 554 Quebec 1,975 1 1,976 2,072 0 2,072 2,058 1, 2,059 2,188 1 2,189 2,211 1 2,212 Ontario 1,978 74 2,052 2,000 74 2,074 2,075 61 2,136 2,029 106 2,135 2,160 126 2,286 Manitoba 472 0 472 461 0 461 484 0 484 467 0 467 539 0 539 Saskatchewan 654 0 654 668 0 668 523 0 523 441 0 441 493 0 493 Alberta 88 0 88 141 0 141 259 0 259 339 0 339 480 0 480 British Columbia 1,060 34 1,094 1,001 35 1,036 1,165. 36 1,201 1,226 0 1,226 1,369 0 1,369 CANADA 6,917 109 7,026 7,008 109 7,117 7,239 98 7,337 7,376 107 7,483 8,126 127 8,253 SOURCES: Statistics Canada Correctional Institution Statistics Catalogue 85-207 1968 to 1974 Canadian Penitentiary Service, Inmate Population Weekly Return 1975-1978
-111111-111111---11.-111111-.-11111-11111111-11118-1111111-1111111 1111111-11111-111111-111118-11111-1111111-111111-41111-1111111 Lz TABLE 0_1 (Continued) NUMBER OF INMATES IN FEDERAL PENITENTIARIES BY PROVINCE, 1968-1978 (CONTINUED) AS OF DECEMBER 31 AS OF DECEMBER 31, AS OF DECEMBER 30 AS OF JANUARY 4, AS OF JANUARY 3, AS OF MARCH 28, 1973 1974 1975 1977* 1978** 1978 M F T M F T M F M F T M F T M F T Newfoundland 17 0 17 22 0 9 2 1 0 1 11 0 11 15 0 15 16 0 16 Nova Scotia 365 0 365 305 0 305 401 0 401 422 0 422 413 0 413 434 0 434 New Brunswick 565 0 565 512 0 512 438 0 438 467 0 467 434 0 434 431 0 431 Quebec 2,268 0 2,268 2,156 0 2,166 2,500 0 2,500 2,813 0 2,813 2,993 0 2,993 3,018 0 3,018 Ontario 2,510 166 2,676 2,288 131 2,419 2,148-119 2,267 2,279 148 2,427 2,153 130 2,283 2,212 129 2,341 Manitoba 544 0 544 541 0 541 549 0 549 531 0 531 544 0 544 523 0 523 Saskatchewan 628 0 628 605 0 605 565 0 565 582 0 582 575 0 575 589 0 589 Alberta 531 0 531 523 0 523 613 0 613 678 0 678 700 0 700 708 0 708 British Columbia 1,517 0 1,517 1,416 0 1,416 1,343 0 1,343 1,365 0 1,365 1,396 0 1,395 1,419 0 1,419 CANADA 8,945 166 9,111 8,368 131 8,499 8,588 119 8,707 9,138 148 9,286 9,223 130 9,353 9,350 129 9,479 * January 4, 1977 is the closest date for which a year-end breakdown is available for 1976 data. * * January 3, 1978 is the closest date for which a year-end breakdown is available for 1977. SOURCES: Statistics Canada çorrectional Institution Statistics" Catalogue 85-207 1968 to 1974 Canadian Penitentiary Service, Inmate Population Weekly Return 1975-1978 PREPARED BY: Information Systems & Statistics Division Ministry of the Solicitor General June, 19 78
D. STATISTICS ON: INMATES IN FEDERAL PENITENTIARIES I. INMATES IN CUSTODY (CONT'D.) GRAPH D.1: Distribution of Male and Total Federal Inmate Population, 1968 to 1978 Discussion: With the exception of 1973 there is a gradual increase in the male inmates of federal institutions. The year 1973 is anomalous in having a population which is much larger than would be expected from the general trend.
Graph D.1 Distribution of Male and Total Federal Inmate Population, 1968 to 1978 10,00 9,50 PEN ITENT IARY POPULATI ON 9,00 8,50 8,00 7,50 7,00 6,50 6,00 '68 '69 '70 '71 '72 '73 '74 '75 '76 '77 '78 YEA,R PREPARED BY: Information Systems & Statistics Division Ministry of the Solicitor General June, 1978
I D. STATISTICS ON: INMATES IN FEDERAL PENITENTIARIES (CONT'D.) I. INMATES IN CUSTODY (CONT'D.) TABLE 0.2: Male and Female Federal Inmate Populations and Rates per 100,000 Population, 1969 to 1977 - Discussion: table D.2 is a count of the number of fedéral inmates, whethèr they are serving time in the Kingston Prison for Women or in a provincial institution. The male:female ratio is given for each year.. It also compares 1 males and female federal inmates in numbers and rates per 100,000 population from 1969 to 1977. It is quite apparent that the males are much more likely to be incarcerated than the females, even though males and females are almost equally represented in the general Canadian population. For example in 1969 there were 77 men to each woman in penitentiary. By 1977 this ratio had dropped to 48:1, which is still considerably disproportionate. Further, the rate of male federal inmates has averaged 37.3 per 100,000 total population, and has ranged from 33.1 to 40.9. The rate of female federal inmates has averaged only.7 - total population, but ranged from.4 to.9. per 100,000 Over this time the rate of incarceration for men and women has increased steadily_ - the incarceration rate for females rose by 88% and for males by 17%. However, the reader is cautioned that the absolute numbers are quite small with regard to females.
TABLE D.2 MALE AND FEMALE FEDERAL INMATE POPULATIONS AND RATES PER 100,000 POPULATION (1969-1977) Incarceration Rates Per 100,000 Canadian Total Population Population Male Female Male: Males Females (000) Penitentiary Federal Female Population ' (1) Inmates Ratio 1969 21,001 7090 92, 7 7i :1 33.8.4. 1970 21,297 7068 93 76:1 33.1.4. 1971 21,568 7441 107 70:1 34.5,.5 1972 21,821 8233 122-67:1 37.7.6 1973 22,110 9042 159 57:1 40.9.7 1974 22,410 8467 149 57.1 37.8.7 1975 22,732 8681 180 48:1 38.21.8 1976 23,086 9137 226.40:1 39.6.9 1977 23,479 9239 193 48:1 39.3,.8 (1) Includes transfers to provincial institutions. - SOURCES: Statistics Canada, Population Projections for Canada and the Provinces, 1972-2001, Cat. #91-514, and Population 1921-1971, Cat. 1191-512 Canadian Penitentiary Service, Directory of Operational Information Services, -calendar year-end figures. PREPARED BY: Information Systems and Statistics Division Ministry of the Solicitor General June, 1978 MIR Me IIle eel 11111 MI Me Ili On Oil MI MR MI al MI MI
D. STATISTICS ON: INMATES IN FEDERAL PENITENTIARIES (CONT'D.) II. DEATHS OF INMATES TABLE 0.3: Type of Death of Federal Inmates on Register, by Institutional Security Level, Canada. 1972 to 1976 Discussion: This table presents information on the types of deaths of inmates on register, by institutional security level. This breakdown is available only from 1972. The latest available statistics are from 1976. Over these five years deaths by "natural causes" accounted for the major cause of death, 39.2% of all inmate deaths in institutions. Legal intervention deaths are rare: there were "7 in these five years. All seven cases occurred outside penitentiary walls, while the inmates were unlawfully at large or on day parole. Other causes of inmate deaths are suicides, accounting for 27.2%; accidents, 15.8%; and murder, 13.3% of inmate deaths. In cases where inmates were murdered, it cannot be determined from this data whether these murders were committed by prison staff, inmates, visitors or others. No comparison of type of death by institutional security level can be made as these frequencies do not take into account either the number of institution of each security type or the type of inmates in each. Thus no conclusions can be made about the relative mortality risk of inmates in various institutions or by security level of these institutions.
TABLE D.3 1 TYPE OF DEATH OF FEDERAL INMATES ON REGISTER BY INSTITUTIONAL SECURITY LEVEL, CANADA, 1972 TO 1976 TYPE OF DEATH TOTAL 1972-1976 NUMBER %*** AND SECURITY LEVEL 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 Deaths by Natural Causes P Maximum 3 8 5 5 6 Medium 4 4 5 10 5 Minimum 0 2 1 0 4 Total Natural Causes 7 14 11 15 15 62 39.2 1 I. Accidental Deaths Maximum 1 0 1 2 3 Medium 4 2 3 1 1 Minimum 1 0 1 3 2 Total Accidents 6 2 5 6 6 25 15.8 Suicides Maximum 7 9 4 5 5 Medium 1 3 4 3 0 Minimum 0 0 2 0 0 Total Suicides 8 12 10 8 5.43 27.2 Deaths by Murder Maximum 1 1 3 4 4 Medium 1 2 1 0 1 Minimum 1 0 0 0 2 Total Murders 3 3 4 4 7 21 13.3 Deaths by Legal Intervention Maximum 1 0 1 1 0 Medium 0 1 0 0 1 Minimum 0 0 0 0 2 Total Legal Intervention ** 1 1 1 1 3 7 4.4 I 1 Deaths by all causes c., *, a ximum 13 18 14 17 19 Medium 10 12 13 14 8 Minimum 2 2 4 3 10 Total Deaths 25 32 31 34 37 * 159* 100 * includes I death, Cause unknown (Max) ** inmates shot by authorities while resisting arrest or committing an offence while on temporary absence or day parole. *** Percentages are based on a total of 158 inmates. PREPARED BY: ISSD MSG SOURCE: Canadian Penitentiary Servid-e Directorate of Operational June, 1978 Information Services, May, 1978
D. STATISTICS ON: INMATES IN FEDERALPENITENTIARIES (CONT'D.) IL DEATHS OF INMATES (CONT.D.) TABLE 0.4: Federal Inmates Murdered Within Institution Walls, by Institution, Canada 1967 to 31 August 1977 Discussion: This table gives a breakdown of federal inmates murdered since 1967 with a breakdown by the institution where the murders occurred. Since 1967 there have been 25 such murders with 20% occurring at Archambault, Quebec. No information on how these murders occurred is available, but these murders all took place within institutions and not while the prisoners were on temporary absence or unlawfully at large. It is unusual to have such a death at an institution, and more unusual to have more than one in any year. However, in 1971 there were two inmates murdered in Kingston and in 1977 there were three inmates murdered in Archambault. Maximum security institutions account for two-thirds of all suicides and murders in the penitentiary system. However, since these frequencies do not take into account the number of institutions of each security type or the number of inmates in them, one cannot draw conclusions about the.relative mortality risk of inmate.
TABLE 0.4 FEDERAL INMATES MURDERED WITHIN INSTITUTION WALLS*, BY INSTITUTION, CANADA, 1967 TO 31 AUGUST 1977 INSTITUTION YEAR 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 TOTALS Atlantic Dorchester 1 1 Quebec Archambault 1 1 3 5 Laval 1 1 Ontario Kingston 2 1 3 Collins Bay 1 1 2 Millhaven -. --- t'<:- :- - - - e - - P d 1.2----571...--5!.=5 2 2 Prairie Stony Mountain 1 1 Saskatchewan 1 1 1 3 Drumheller 1 1 2 Pacific B. C. 1 1 2 Reg. Psysc. C. ;5iiin 197Zege ' 1 1 2. Matsqui 1 1 TOTALS 1 1 5 1 2 4 3 4 4 25 * These totals do not include inmates murdered while on temporary absence or unlawfully at large. SOURCE: Canadian Penitentiary Service Operational Information Services, May, 1978 PREPARED BY: Information Systems & Statistics Division Ministry of the Solicitor General June, 1978
E. STATISTICS ON: FEDERAL CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION STAFF I. NUMBER OF CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION STAFF TABLE E.1: Authorized Establishment of Staff in Federal Penitentiaries, Indicating Correctional Officers, Other and Total Staff by Region,_for 1971-72 to_1978-79 Discussion: This table gives a breakdown of authorized establishment (positions approved) of personnel in federal penitentiaries from 1971-72 to 1978-79. These figures are presented for Correctional officers - (security guards), Other, and Total staff. The authorized establishment figure is the number of staff approved for the institution and not necessarily the number actually on staff at the time. 1 1
TABLE E.1 AUTHORIZED ESTALBISHMENT OF STAFF IN FEDERAL PENITENTIARIES, INDICATING CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS, OTHER AND TOTAL STAFF BY REGION, FOR 1971-72 TO 1978-79 REGION YEAR 1971-72 1972-73 1973-74 1974-75 1975-76 1976-77 1977-78 1978-79 ATLANTIC Correctional Officers 207 186 189 214 258 339 363 380 Other 350 372 354 444 441 415 403 421 Total 557 558 543 658 699 754 766 801 QUEBEC Correctional Officers 427 444 453 1,044 1,018 1,095 1,101 1,409 Other 1,093 965 1,189 1,052 1,134 1,197 1,150 1,383 Total 1,520 1,409 1,642 2,096 2,152 2,292 2,251 2,792 ONTARIO 1 Correctional Officers 337 369 376 844 899 906 960 992 Other - 1,251 1,200 1,076 1,016 1,042 1,155 1,146 1,187 Total 1,588 1,569 1,452 1,860 1,941 2,061 2,106 2,179 PRAIRIE Correctional Officers 327 287 301 646 685 602 606 776 Other 433 498 522 671 701 724 864 955 Total 760 785 823 1,317 1,386 1,326 1,470 1,731 PACIFIC Correctional Officers 284 285 338 656 660 659 675-736 Other 444 497 660 702 780 815 821 842 Total 728 782 998 1,358 1,440 1,474 1,496 1,578 TOTAL Correctional Officers 1,582 1,571 1,657 3,404 3,520 3,601 3,705 4,293 Other 3,571 3,532 3,801 3,885 4,098 4,306 4,384 4,788 Total 5,153 5,103 5,458 7,289 7,618 7,907 8,089 9,081 SOURCE: Canadian Penitentiary Service, Human Resources, Manpower Planning, May 1978 PREPARED BY: ISSD MSG, June, 1978
SOL.GEN CANADA LIB/BIBLIO 111111 M
Date Due HV Ddherty, Phyllis. 6535 Recent statistics on.c2 homicide in Canada, with D6r data cri inmates and staff no.1 in Canadian PenitentiarieE