JURISPRUDENCE CASES AND MATERIALS: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law and Its Applications

JURISPRUDENCE CASES AND MATERIALS: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law and Its Applications

LexisNexis Law School Publishing Advisory Board Bridgette Carr Clinical Professor of Law University of Michigan Law School Steven I. Friedland Professor of Law and Senior Scholar Elon University School of Law Carole Goldberg Jonathan D. Varat Distinguished Professor of Law UCLA School of Law Oliver Goodenough Professor of Law Vermont Law School Paul Marcus Haynes Professor of Law William and Mary Law School John Sprankling Distinguished Professor of Law McGeorge School of Law

JURISPRUDENCE CASES AND MATERIALS An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law and Its Applications Third Edition STEPHEN E. GOTTLIEB Professor of Law Albany Law School BRIAN H. BIX Frederick W. Thomas Professor of Law and Philosophy University of Minnesota TIMOTHY D. LYTTON Albert & Angela Farone Distinguished Professor of Law Albany Law School ROBIN L. WEST Professor of Law Georgetown University Law Center

ISBN: 978-1-6328-0961-2 Ebook ISBN: 978-0-3271-7830-9 Looseleaf ISBN: 978-1-6328-0962-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jurisprudence cases and materials : an introduction to the philosophy of law and its applications / Stephen E. Gottlieb, Professor of Law, Albany Law School, Brian H. Bix, Frederick W. Thomas Professor of Law and Philosophy, University of Minnesota Timothy D. Lytton, Professor of Law, Albany Law School, Robin L. West, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center. Third edition. pages cm Includes index. ISBN 978-1-63280-961-2 (hardbound) 1. Jurisprudence United States Cases. 2. Law United States Cases. I. Gottlieb, Stephen E. II. Bix, Brian III. Lytton, Timothy D., 1965- IV. West, Robin, 1954- KF379.G68 2015 349.73 dc23 2014046768 This publication is designed to provide authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. LexisNexis and the Knowledge Burst logo are registered trademarks of Reed Elsevier Properties Inc., used under license. Matthew Bender and the Matthew Bender Flame Design are registered trademarks of Matthew Bender Properties Inc. Copyright 2015 Matthew Bender & Company, Inc., a member of LexisNexis. All Rights Reserved. No copyright is claimed by LexisNexis or Matthew Bender & Company, Inc., in the text of statutes, regulations, and excerpts from court opinions quoted within this work. Permission to copy material may be licensed for a fee from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Mass. 01923, telephone (978) 750-8400. NOTE TO USERS To ensure that you are using the latest materials available in this area, please be sure to periodically check the LexisNexis Law School web site for downloadable updates and supplements at www.lexisnexis.com/lawschool. Editorial Offices 630 Central Ave., New Providence, NJ 07974 (908) 464-6800 201 Mission St., San Francisco, CA 94105-1831 (415) 908-3200 www.lexisnexis.com (2015 Pub.3071)

Acknowledgments Steve Gottlieb would like to acknowledge the research assistance of Deborah Buchanan. Timothy Lytton would like to thank Rachel Anisfeld, Pamela Barmash, Beth Berkowitz, Peter Berkowitz, Charles Donahue, and Natalie Dohrmann for helpful comments on Part I of the text, as well as Alexandra Harrington and Kelly Egan for essential research assistance. Robin West would like to acknowledge the assistance of Lisa Jabaily, Laura Alexander, and Scott Meisler. iii

Part I THE ORIGINS OF LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE....... 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................. 1 Chapter 1 THE ORIGINS OF LAW IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST......................................... 3 A. MESOPOTAMIAN LAW COLLECTIONS....................... 3 Time Line of Ancient Near Eastern History from 9000 B.C.E. to 1750 B.C.E................................................ 4 Historical Introduction.................................... 4 Introductory Exercise..................................... 5 Laws of Ur-Namma (LU).................................. 5 Laws of Lipit-Ishtar (LL).................................. 7 Laws of Hammurabi (LH)................................. 9 Inscription of Yahdun-Lim (IY)............................ 16 Study Questions....................................... 17 B. THE HEBREW BIBLE.................................... 18 Historical Introduction................................... 18 The Ten Commandments and the Book of the Covenant: Exodus 19 23............................................... 19 Study Questions....................................... 24 Chapter 2 THE BIRTH OF JURISPRUDENCE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD............................. 27 A. GREEK............................................... 28 Time Line of Greek History from 1700 B.C.E. to 323 B.C.E......... 28 Historical Introduction................................... 29 1. The Trial of Socrates..................................... 29 Apology........................................... 30 Study Questions...................................... 38 Euthyphro.......................................... 39 Study Questions...................................... 46 Crito.............................................. 46 Study Questions...................................... 51 2. Aristotle s Nicomachean Ethics, Book V and Politics, Book V....... 52 Nicomachean Ethics, Book V............................ 53 Politics, Book V...................................... 59 Study Questions...................................... 60 B. ROMAN............................................... 61 v

Time Line of Roman History from 753 B.C.E. to 1453 C.E.......... 61 Historical Introduction................................... 62 1. Cicero s on the Commonwealth, Book III and on the Laws, Books I & II........................................... 62 Cicero, on the Commonwealth, Book III..................... 63 Cicero, on the Laws, Book I............................. 67 Cicero, on the Laws, Book II............................. 73 Study Questions...................................... 75 2. Justinian s Institutes..................................... 76 Introductory Exercise.................................. 77 Institutes 3:13, 14, 15, 21, 22............................. 78 Study Questions...................................... 81 C. RABBINIC............................................. 82 Time Line of Israelite and Rabbinic History from 1200S B.C.E. to 600 C.E............................................ 82 Historical Introduction................................... 83 1. Commentary on the Covenant at Sinai........................ 84 Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat 88a.......................... 84 Study Questions...................................... 84 2. The Law of the Stubborn and Rebellious Son................... 85 The Biblical Law of the Stubborn and Rebellious Son: Deuteronomy 21:18 21................................. 85 Elaboration of the Law of the Stubborn and Rebellious Son: Mishnah Sanhedrin 8:1 5............................... 85 Commentary on the Law of the Stubborn and Rebellious Son: Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin 71A........................ 86 Study Questions...................................... 87 3. The Oven of Achnai..................................... 87 Babylonian Talmud, Bava Metsia 59A 59B.................. 87 Study Questions...................................... 89 PART II ANALYTICAL LEGAL PHILOSOPHY.............. 91 INTRODUCTION.................................... 91 Chapter 3 QUESTIONS OF APPROACH..................... 93 A. OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGICAL QUESTIONS............. 93 B. H.L.A. HART........................................... 94 H.L.A. Hart, Persistent Questions........................... 94 Questions for Discussion................................ 104 C. CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS............................... 104 Brian Bix, Conceptual Questions and Jurisprudence............. 104 vi

D. BRIAN LEITER........................................ 110 D. Brian Leiter, Beyond the Hart/Dworkin Debate: The Methodology Problem in Jurisprudence................... 110 Questions for Discussion................................ 115 Suggested Further Readings.............................. 116 Chapter 4 LEGAL POSITIVISM........................... 117 A. AN OVERVIEW OF LEGAL POSITIVISM.................... 117 B. H.L.A. HART.......................................... 118 H.L.A. Hart, Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals..... 118 Questions for Discussion................................ 136 C. THE DETAILS OF HART S THEORY........................ 137 D. NOTE ON INCLUSIVE AND EXCLUSIVE LEGAL POSITIVISM... 140 E. SCOTT SHAPIRO S PLANNING THEORY.................... 143 Scott J. Shapiro, Summary............................... 143 Questions for Discussion................................ 144 F. HANS KELSEN........................................ 145 Hans Kelsen, What Is the Pure Theory of Law?................ 145 Questions for Discussion................................ 151 G. NOTE ON KELSEN..................................... 151 H. NOTE ON HART AND KELSEN............................ 154 Suggested Further Readings.............................. 155 Chapter 5 CRITICS OF LEGAL POSITIVISM................ 157 A. OVERVIEW........................................... 157 B. NATURAL LAW THEORY................................ 157 C. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS................................. 160 ST. THOMAS AQUINAS, SUMMA THEOLOGIAE.................. 160 Questions for Discussion................................ 165 D. JOHN FINNIS.......................................... 165 John Finnis, On the Incoherence of Legal Positivism............. 165 Questions for Discussion................................ 176 E. LON L. FULLER........................................ 176 Lon L. Fuller, Positivism and Fidelity to Law A Reply to Professor Hart....................................... 176 Questions for Discussion................................ 198 F. NOTE ON FULLER S THEORY, AND ITS CRITICS............. 198 G. NOTE: FULLER AND THE LEGAL PROCESS SCHOOL.......... 200 H. RONALD DWORKIN.................................... 202 Ronald Dworkin, Legal Theory and the Problem of Sense......... 202 Questions for Discussion................................ 209 vii

I. NOTE: DWORKIN AND HIS CRITICS....................... 209 Suggested Further Readings.............................. 216 Chapter 6 JUSTICE..................................... 219 A. OVERVIEW........................................... 219 B. JOHN RAWLS AND SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY............ 220 C. JOHN RAWLS AND DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE................. 223 John Rawls, Distributive Justice: Some Addenda............... 223 Questions for Discussion................................ 239 D. JEREMY WALDRON.................................... 239 Jeremy Waldron, The Plight of the Poor in the Midst of Plenty...... 239 Questions for Discussion................................ 245 E. SUSAN MOLLER OKIN.................................. 245 Susan Moller Okin, Justice and Gender: An Unfinished Debate..... 245 Questions for Discussion................................ 263 F. OTHER APPROACHES TO JUSTICE........................ 263 Suggested Further Readings.............................. 266 Chapter 7 THE NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF RIGHTS.... 267 A. NOTE ON RIGHTS...................................... 267 B. JOEL FEINBERG....................................... 271 Joel Feinberg, The Nature and Value of Rights................. 271 Questions for Discussion................................ 281 C. N.E. SIMMONDS....................................... 281 N.E. Simmonds, The Will and Interest Theories............ 281 Suggested Further Readings.............................. 283 PART III CRITICAL JURISPRUDENCE.................... 285 INTRODUCTION..................................... 285 Chapter 8 LEGALISM................................... 289 A. LEGALISM AS A PROFESSIONAL IDEOLOGY................ 289 JUDITH SHKLAR, LEGALISM: LAW, MORALS, AND POLITICAL TRIALS............................................. 289 PAUL KAHN, THE CULTURAL STUDY OF LAW: RECONSTRUCTING LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP................................... 293 Questions on Shklar and Kahn............................ 297 B. LEGALISM AND OBJECTIVITY........................... 298 Owen Fiss, Objectivity and Interpretation.................... 299 Paul D. Carrington, Of Law and River....................... 307 viii

Questions on Fiss and Carrington.......................... 310 C. LEGALISM AS TRADITIONALISM......................... 311 Anthony Kronman, Precedent and Tradition.................. 311 Comments and Questions on Kronman...................... 320 Thomas Paine, Rights of Man: Part Two..................... 321 Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Path of the Law................ 322 Comments and Questions on Kronman...................... 323 D. LEGALISM AS FORMALISM.............................. 324 ANTHONY T. KRONMAN, THE LOST LAWYER: FAILING IDEALS OF THE LEGAL PROFESSION............................... 325 Comments on Langdellian Formalism, and an Introduction to Legal Realism........................................ 328 E. LEGALISM AS LIBERALISM............................. 335 JOHN RAWLS, A THEORY OF JUSTICE........................ 336 Question on Rawls..................................... 340 Chapter 9 CRITICAL JURISPRUDENCE: AN OVERVIEW OF THE MOVEMENTS......................... 341 A. THE LEGAL REALIST MOVEMENT........................ 342 Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Path of the Law................ 343 JUSTICE OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, THE COMMON LAW......... 349 Lochner v. New York................................... 350 Karl Llewellyn, Some Realism About Realism.................. 351 Notes and Comments on Legal Realism...................... 359 LON FULLER, THE LAW IN QUEST OF ITSELF.................. 360 ROSCOE POUND, JUSTICE ACCORDING TO LAW................. 363 Notes and Comments on Legal Realism...................... 364 B. THE CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES MOVEMENT............... 365 Roberto Unger, The CLS Movement......................... 368 Duncan Kennedy, Legal Training as Training for Hierarchy....... 377 Robert W. Gordon, Unfreezing Legal Reality: Critical Approaches to Law.................................... 379 Questions and Comments on Critical Legal Studies.............. 381 C. IDENTITY-BASED CRITIQUES............................ 382 1. Some Historical Examples................................ 385 State v. Mann....................................... 385 ROBERT COVER, JUSTICE ACCUSED: ANTISLAVERY AND THE JUDICIAL PROCESS................................ 388 Bradley v. State..................................... 392 Bradwell v. Illinois................................... 393 Suggestions for Further Reading......................... 395 ix

2. Critical Race Theory.................................... 395 Mari Matsuda, Looking to the Bottom...................... 399 Charles Lawrence III, The Id, The Ego, and Equal Protection: Reckoning with Unconscious Racism...................... 403 Questions on Critical Race Theory........................ 410 3. Feminist Legal Theory.................................. 411 Wendy W. Williams, Notes from a First Generation........... 414 Christine A. Littleton, Reconstructing Sexual Equality.......... 422 CATHERINE A. MACKINNON, FEMINISM UNMODIFIED: DISCOURSES ON LIFE AND LAW.......................... 428 Questions and Comments on Feminist Legal Theory........... 436 D. QUEER THEORY....................................... 439 Janet E. Halley, Sexuality Harassment....................... 440 Marc Spindelman, Discriminating Pleasures.................. 457 Questions and Comments on Queer Theory................... 467 E. INTERDISCIPLINARITY: THE STUDY OF LAW AND LEGALISM....................................... 468 Cass R. Sunstein, On Analogical Reasoning................... 469 Notes on Analogic Reasoning............................. 474 1. Law and Humanities.................................... 478 ROBERT FERGUSON, LAW AND LETTERS IN AMERICAN CULTURE.......................................... 479 Questions on Law and Humanities........................ 483 2. Law and Literature..................................... 484 James Boyd White, Law and Literature: No Manifesto.......... 486 Robin L. West, The Literary Lawyer...................... 492 Questions and Comments on Law and Literature.............. 500 3. Law and Interpretation.................................. 503 Ronald Dworkin, Law as Interpretation.................... 503 Owen Fiss, Objectivity and Interpretation................... 511 Stanley Fish, Fish v. Fiss............................... 514 Steven Knapp and Walter Benn Michaels, Against Theory....... 521 Robert Cover, The Violence and the Word................... 525 Questions on Law and Interpretation...................... 530 4. Law and Economics.................................... 531 a. Normative Law and Economics.......................... 531 Richard A. Posner, The Ethical and Political Basis of the Effıciency Norm in Common Law Adjudication............. 534 Questions and Comments on the Economic Analysis of Justice........................................ 539 b. Descriptive Law and Economics.......................... 543 Justice O.W. Holmes, Path of the Law,................... 543 x

Learned Hand, United States v. Carroll Towing Co........... 545 Questions and Comments on the Historical Project........... 548 c. The Coase Theorem.................................. 549 MITCHELL A. POLINSKY, AN INTRODUCTION TO LAW AND ECONOMICS...................................... 549 Questions Regarding the Coase Theorem.................. 553 Notes and Comments on Other Disciplines................ 554 Naomi Mezey, Law as Culture......................... 555 Further Readings................................... 562 Chapter 10 CRITICAL JURISPRUDENCE: A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH.................................. 565 A. LIBERAL LEGAL SKEPTICISM............................ 566 1. The Rights Critique..................................... 567 Morton J. Horwitz, Rights.............................. 567 Mark Tushnet, An Essay on Rights,....................... 572 Questions on the Rights Critique......................... 582 2. Critiques of Formal Equality.............................. 583 Catharine A. MacKinnon, Sex Equality: On Difference and Dominance,........................................ 584 Eva Feder Kittay, Taking Dependency Seriously: The Family and Medical Leave Act Considered in Light of the Social Organization of Dependency Work and Gender Equality........ 597 Questions on Formal Equality........................... 605 3. The Autonomy Critique.................................. 606 Robert Hale, Coercion and Distribution in a Supposedly Non-Coercive State................................... 608 Morris Cohen, Property and Sovereignty................... 613 4. The Privacy Critique.................................... 623 Robin West, Lifting the Veil of the Right to Be Let Alone........ 623 Questions and Comments on Autonomy and Privacy........... 630 B. CRITICAL THEORY.................................... 630 1. Hegemony and Legitimation.............................. 631 Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Race, Reform, and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law...... 632 2. False Necessity........................................ 640 Robert W. Gordon, Unfreezing Legal Reality: Critical Approaches to Law................................... 640 Questions on Critical Theory............................ 652 C. POSTMODERNISM: INDETERMINACY AND INTERSECTIONALITY.................................. 653 xi

1. The Indeterminacy Thesis................................ 654 MICHEL FOUCAULT, THE ORDER OF THINGS, AND ARCHEOLOGY OF HUMAN SCIENCES, INTRO.,................. 654 MARK V. TUSHNET, RED, WHITE AND BLUE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW...................... 656 2. Intersectionality, Anti-Essentialism and Perspectivial Theories of Knowledge........................................... 661 Mari J. Matsuda, When the First Quail Calls: Multiple Consciousness as Jurisprudential Method,.................. 661 Kimberlé Crenshaw, Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color......... 666 Questions on Indeterminacy and Intersectionality............. 677 Owen Fiss, The Death of the Law......................... 681 Questions on Indeterminacy and Intersectionality............. 685 D. PRAGMATISM AND UTILITARIANISM..................... 685 Robin West, The Other Utilitarians......................... 686 Richard A. Posner, Pragmatic Adjudication................... 702 Questions on Pragmatism and Utilitarianism.................. 715 PART IV JURISPRUDENCE IN BLACK ROBES............. 719 INTRODUCTION..................................... 719 Chapter 11 IS MEANING FOUND OR IMPUTED?.............. 721 A. CONSENT AND COERCION, WELCOME, AND DISAGREEABLE....................................... 721 Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson........................ 721 Notes.............................................. 726 B. PRIVATE INTENT...................................... 727 Michelle Marvin v. Lee Marvin............................ 727 Notes.............................................. 731 Akers v. Baldwin...................................... 731 Notes.............................................. 756 C. LAWGIVERS INTENT.................................. 758 Alden v. Maine....................................... 758 Notes.............................................. 759 Stephen Breyer, On the Uses of Legislative History in Interpreting Statutes.................................... 761 Notes.............................................. 763 xii

Chapter 12 MORAL ASSUMPTIONS IN LAW................. 765 A. IMPLICIT IN CURRENT LAW?............................ 765 Kurowski v. Krajewski.................................. 765 Notes.............................................. 768 B. IMPLICIT IN THE CLAIM TO OBEDIENCE?.................. 769 Bell v. Maryland...................................... 769 Notes.............................................. 780 Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal............................................ 781 Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal............................................ 792 Notes.............................................. 794 C. IMPLICIT POSITION ON CONSEQUENCES?.................. 795 Herrera v. Collins..................................... 795 Notes.............................................. 826 Chapter 13 WHAT MORAL CLAIMS COUNT?................ 827 A. OUR SIBLINGS KEEPERS?............................... 827 National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius.......... 827 Notes and Questions................................... 833 B. SLAVERY, FREEDOM, AND PHYSICAL SECURITY?........... 834 The Antelope. The Vice-Consuls of Spain and Portugal, Libellants... 834 Notes and Questions................................... 842 Kircher v. City of Jamestown............................. 843 Notes.............................................. 854 C. THE LIBERAL PARADIGM............................... 854 1. Freedom Unless Others Are Hurt?.......................... 854 Lawrence v. Texas................................... 854 Notes............................................ 871 2. What Counts as an Injury?................................ 873 Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church and State, Inc....................... 873 Notes............................................ 877 D. DEMOCRACY?........................................ 877 San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez............ 879 Notes.............................................. 889 E. DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE vs. SELF-REGARDING RIGHTS........ 890 1. Property?............................................ 890 Seawall Associates v. City of New York..................... 890 Notes............................................ 910 2. Freedom and Community................................ 912 xiii

Ian Shapiro, Notes Toward a Conditional Theory of Rights and Obligations in Property................................ 913 Notes and Questions.................................. 915 3. Neutral, Universal or Defensible Rules and Outcomes, and the Treatment of Gender.................................... 915 De La Cruz v. Tormey................................. 916 Notes............................................ 929 4. State Action and Remedies for Inequality and Subordination........ 929 City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co........................ 929 Notes............................................ 939 Grutter v. Bollinger.................................. 944 Notes............................................ 977 F. HOW FAR DO MORAL CLAIMS REACH?.................... 978 McCain v. Koch....................................... 978 Notes.............................................. 982 INDEX....................................................... I-1 xiv