Immigration Facts What Every Citizen Needs to Know 1
A salient characteristic of the current debate on U.S. immigration policy is the high ratio of hot air to data. Dr. Douglas Massey" Co-director, Mexican Migration Project" Princeton University Source: Crossing The Border, What We Learned From The Mexican Migration Project, Durand, Jorge and Douglas S. Massey, p. 1. 3
What people believe 6
67% Believe they won t assimilate or learn English Source: Zogby American Poll, April 2006 7
52% Believe they strain health care, education and social services Source: Pew Hispanic Center, The State of American Public Opinion on Immigration in Spring 2006 8
49% Believe they don t pay taxes Source: Benson Strategy Group, Immigration Opinions Poll, May 9-12, 2009 9
48% Believe they threaten our sovereignty Source: Pew Hispanic Center 2006 Immigration Survey, February 8-March 7, 2006 10
39% Believe they increase the crime rate Source: FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, 6 April 06 11
35% Believe they take jobs from Americans Source: Time Magazine Poll, March, 29-30, 2006 12
31% Believe they increase the threat of terrorism Source: Opinion Dynamics Fox News Poll, April 25-26, 2006 13
20% Believe they don t want to enter the country legally Source: Benson Strategy Group, Immigration Opinions Poll, May 9-12, 2009 14
A lie gets halfway around the world before the truth gets its boots on. " " Charles Haddon Spurgeon" 19th Century Minister 20
Race 21
White U.S. Census Bureau racial classification for all Hispanics who are not clearly Black, American Indian or Asian Source: U.S. Census 2000 Brief, "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin." 22
Ethnicity What Hispanic refers to in the U.S. Census Bureau classification system Source: Census 2000 Brief, "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin." 23
The People What the proper translation of the word La Raza means in context Source: The Translation of Our Name: National Council of La Raza 24
Legality 25
Civil The type of offense for entering the U.S. at an improper time or place Source: USC 18, Title 12, Subchapter 2, Part VIII, Section 1325 26
$50-$250 The fine for entering the U.S. at an improper time or place Source: USC 18, Title 12, Subchapter 2, Part VIII, Section 1325 (b) 27
False Papers Point at which improper entry becomes a criminal offense Source: USC 18, Title 12, Subchapter 2, Part VIII, Section 1325 (a)(3) 28
Arizona States in which being in the country without papers is a Felony 29
1992 The year Mexican immigrants would have had to apply for entry visas in order to receive them in 2011 Source: Visa Bulletin Vol. IX, no. 32,. U.S. Department of State, May 2011. 30
85% Percentage of undocumented entries from Mexico offset by departures between 1965 and 1985 Source: Massey & Singer, New Estimates of Undocumented Mexican Migration and the Probability of Apprehension, 1995 31
45% Percentage of undocumented immigrants who overstayed a legal visa in 2006 Source: Pew Hispanic Center, Modes of Entry for the Unauthorized Migrant Population, May 2006 32
25% Percent of in-country overstay leads deemed credible and forwarded to ICE for investigation in 2008 Source: DHS, Department of Homeland Security Annual Performance Report Fiscal Years 2008-2010, p. 31. 33
3% Percentage of total U.S. population estimated to be undocumented Source: Dept. of Homeland Security, Center for Immigration Statistics 34
10 Years a naturalized citizen from Mexico may have to wait to bring their spouse into the U.S. Source: American Immigration Lawyers Association, AILA Backgrounder: Myths and Facts in the Immigration Debate 35
20 Years a naturalized citizen may have to wait to sponsor siblings into the U.S. Source: American Immigration Lawyers Association, AILA Backgrounder: Myths and Facts in the Immigration Debate 36
38 Years the undocumented parents of a U.S. citizen will have to wait to legally become U.S. citizens Source: Calculations based on existing U.S. Law and historical immigration processing times. 37
Crime 40
4.4% Estimate of all Arizona crimes committed by undocumented immigrants Source: ASU Incarceration Study, 2006 41
3.48% Percent of all undocumented immigrants DHS deported from Arizona with prior criminal records Source: DHS, Fact Sheet: Arizona Border Control Initiative Phase II, March 30, 2005 42
2.1% Percent of MCSO arrests of undocumented immigrants as percent of total arrests Source: MCSO web site and press releases 43
10% Percent of all people booked into MCSO jails subject to an ICE hold Source: M. Kiefer, Arizona Republic, Feb. 25, 2008 44
52.5% Percent drop in violent crime as undocumented population grew between 1994-2006 Source: U.S. DoJ, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Key Facts At A Glance, March 29, 2010 45
48.6% Percent drop in property crime as undocumented population grew between 1994-2006 Source: U.S. DoJ, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Key Facts at a Glance, March 29, 2010 46
Murder Rate! Although the undocumented population has grown by an estimated 1,400 people per day, the U.S. murder rate declined from 61 per day in 1996 to 47 per day in 2006.! Murders per day have declined while the number of undocumented entering the country has increased. Source: Paul Stiles, Novice Bear, January 10, 2008 47
45% Percentage that first-generation immigrants are less likely to" commit any crime Source: Sampson, Morenoff, et. al.: Public Health Matters, Vol. 95., No. 2, pp. 224-232 49
13% Incarceration rate of native-born males 18-39 in California with less than a high school diploma Source: Crime, Corrections and California, California Counts, PPIC, Vol. 9, No. 3, February, 2008, p. 13 50
0.48% Incarceration rate of immigrant males 18-40 in California with less than a high school diploma Source: Crime, Corrections and California, California Counts, PPIC, Vol. 9, No. 3, February, 2008, p. 13 51
8 Times U.S. born men 18-40 are more likely than non-citizen Mexicans to be in CA jail or state prison. Source: Crime, Corrections and California, California Counts, PPIC, Vol. 9, No. 3, February, 2008 52
5 Number of times native citizens are more likely to be incarcerated than any immigrant Source: Debunking the Myth of Immigrant Criminality: Imprisonment Among First- and Second-Generation Young Men, Rubén G. Rumbaut, Roberto G. Gonzales, Golnaz Komaie, and Charlie V. Morgan, 2006 53
73.7% The percentage of the U.S. prison population who are U.S. citizens Source: U.S Bureau of Prisons, BOP Quick Facts, March 26, 2011 54
17.7% Percentage of the U.S. prison population who are Mexican citizens Source: U.S Bureau of Prisons, BOP Quick Facts, March 26, 2011 55
31.7% Hispanics as a percentage of all persons arrested in Arizona in 2009 Source: Arizona Department of Public Safety, Crime in Arizona, 2009 56
29.6% Hispanics as a percentage of all Arizona residents, 2010 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2010 Census Results 57
Jobs 59
66% Percent of undocumented Mexican immigrants who have not completed high-school Source: Pew Hispanic Center, Survey of Mexican Migrants, December 6, 2005, p. 36. 60
$259 Average day-laborer weekly income Source: Day Labor in the Golden State, CEP, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2007 61
$7.25/hr Arizona minimum wage for 2010 Source: The Industrial Commission of Arizona, Minimum Wage Standard, 2010. 62
$9.71/hr Arizona H-2A hourly Adverse Effect Wage Rate (AWER) for 2010 Source: USDA 75 FR 6884, February 12, 2010 63
$67,019 Median annual income for family of four in 2005 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Median Income for 4-Person Families, by State, 2005 64
$64,000 Median salary of H1-B visa beneficiaries, 2009 Source: U.S.C.I.S, Characteristics of H1-B Specialty Occupation Workers, April 15, 2010. 65
$25,000 Average family income of a migrant family of four Source: Pew Hispanic Center, Unauthorized Migrants: Numbers and Characteristics, 2005 66
14 million Number of new jobs created in U.S. between 1996 and 2000 Source: Bean, Frank D., and Gillian Stevens, 2003. America s Newcomers and the Dynamics of Diversity. 67
12 million Total U.S. population growth between 1996 and 2000 Source: Bean, Frank D., and Gillian Stevens, 2003. America s Newcomers and the Dynamics of Diversity. 68
Undocumented Impact on AZ Wages Source: Peri, Giovanni, Immigration, Labor Market and Wages: The Economists Perspective, slide 15. 69
Foreign-Born Labor Force: 2007 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, The Foreign-Born Labor Force in the United States: 2007, Figure 6. 70
Annual Immigration Limits: 1996, 2004-2011 Source: DHS, Office of Immigration Statistics, U.S. Legal Permanent Residents: 1996, 2004-2009 71
24 Number of hours to fill quota of " 65,000 H1-B visas for 2008 Source: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services 72
60 Days needed to fill quota of" 66,000 H2-B visas for 2008 Source: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services 73
30,000 Number of field workers needed in Yuma to harvest a winter lettuce crop Source: Interview on Desert Politics, Dec. 8, 2007 74
375 Number of new non-family related employment visas issued to Mexican citizens for all of 2009 Source: U.S. Department of State, Report of the Visa Office 2009, Table III 75
Taxes 78
$940M Undocumented immigrant s net financial benefit to the Arizona economy Source: University of Arizona, Immigrants in Arizona, Gans, 2006 79
$78M Undocumented immigrant s sales tax contributions to the Arizona economy Source: University of Arizona, Immigrants in Arizona, Gans, 2006 80
$836B Earnings Suspense File account balance from non-matching SSNs as of the end of FY2009 Source: U.S. Social Security Administration, SSA S FY 2009 Performance and Accountability Report 81
60% Percent growth in SSA Earnings Suspense File account balance 2005-2009 Source: U.S. Social Security Administration, SSA S FY 2009 Performance and Accountability Report 82
$0 Amount of Suspense Fund balance payable to undocumented immigrants Source: U.S. Social Security Administration, Auditor s Report, 2007 83
$1B Loss in Arizona state revenues from the loss of 50,000 immigrants Source: APS Immigration Loss Impact Study 84
$48.8B Annual estimated economic impact on Arizona s economy from loss of 450,000 immigrants Source: Rising Tide or Shrinking Pie, Dr. Raúl Hinojosa-Ojeda, Marshall Fitz, March 2011 85
Zero Number of jurisdictions realizing any economic or social benefit promised by proponents of anti-immigration legislation Source: A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Analysis of the Impact of the Oklahoma Taxpayer and Citizen Protection Act of 2007, Economic Impact Group, LLC, 2008 86
Assimilation & Integration 88
1910 The year in which the percentage of foreign-born residents reached its peak of 14.7% Source: Pew Hispanic Center, 2007 and Gibbons and Lennon, 1999 89
12.5% Percentage of foreign-born residents of the U.S. in 2008 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2008 American Community Survey 90
13 Annual rate of immigrants per 1,000 U.S. residents in 1910 Source: The New Americans, National Research Council 91
3 Annual rate of immigrants per 1,000 U.S. residents in 2005 Source: The New Americans, National Research Council 92
25% Percentage of the immigrant population that could not speak English at all in 1900 Source: George Rodriguez, From Newcomers to New Americans..., p. 18 93
8% Percentage of the immigrant population that could not speak English at all in 1990 Source: George Rodriguez, From Newcomers to New Americans..., p. 18 94
95% Percentage of Mexican-Americans who could speak English well in 1990 Source: R. Alba and V. Nee, Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration p. 227 95
47 million Number of U.S. citizens who speak a non-english language at home 1980-2000 Source: Bean FD, Stevens G. 2003. America s Newcomers and the Dynamics of Diversity. New York: Russell Sage. P. 149 96
619,913 Total number of new naturalized citizens in 2010 Source: DHS, Office of Immigration Statistics, Naturalizations in the U.S., 2010 97
2X The rate at which Mexican immigrants become legal U.S. citizens compared to other countries Source: DHS, Office of Immigration Statistics, Naturalizations in the U.S., 2009 98
10 Number of years after arrival that 75% of immigrants speak English as well as natives Source: American Immigration Lawyers Association, Myths vs, Facts 99
Learning the language Source: Pew Hispanic Center, English Usage Among Hispanics in the United States, November 29, 2007, and Migration Policy Institute, Bilingualism Persists, But English Still Dominates, February, 2005. 100
30 Number of years the unavailability of English language programs delays assimilation Source: Pew Hispanic Center 101
20% Percent of the recipients of the Congressional Medal of Honor in U.S. wars who were immigrants Source: AILF Policy Report, March 2003 102
51% Percentage of first-generation California immigrants (1970 s) who have purchased homes by 2000 Source: Russell Sage Foundation 103
46% Percentage of California Hispanics who own their own homes, 2008 Source: Pew Hispanic Center, Demographic Profile of Hispanics in California, 2008 104
57% Percentage of Arizona Hispanics who own their own homes, 2008 Source: Pew Hispanic Center, Demographic Profile of Hispanics in Arizona, 2008 105
75% Percentage of all immigrants who have legal permanent resident status Source: Dept. of Homeland Security 106
Social & Health Services 107
3% Percentage of any kind or any status of immigrant who receives food stamps Source: Federalist Society Seminar Immigration, Amnesty and the Rule of Law, Nov. 16, 2007 108
10 Years legal permanent residents must pay into Social Security and Medicare before they get benefits Source: Congressional Research Service 109
10% Percentage of California s uncompensated health care in 2007 attributable to undocumented immigrant s E.R. use Source: California Hospital Association 110
13% National percentage of Hispanic or Latino total E.R. visits in 2006 Source: National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2006 Emergency Department Summary, Table 2: Number, percent distribution, and annual rate of emergency department visits with corresponding standard errors, by patient characteristics: United States, 2006 111
61% White non-hispanic percentage of total Arizona E.R. visits in 2008 Source: ADHS Table 4C-2 Rates* of Emergency Room Visits by Race/Ethnicity and Gender, Arizona, 2008 112
28% Hispanic or Latino percentage of total Arizona E.R. visits in 2008 Source: ADHS Table 4C-2 Rates* of Emergency Room Visits by Race/Ethnicity and Gender, Arizona, 2008 113
50% Percent undocumented immigrants are less likely to use emergency rooms than native Latinos Source: Sampson, Morenoff, et. al.: Public Health Matters, Vol. 95., No. 2 114
2.1 The number of fewer doctor visits of undocumented Latinos compared with their US-born counterparts Source: Alexander N. Ortega, PhD, et.al; Archives of Internal Medicine. 2007;167(21): 2354-2360 115
1/2-2/3 Recent immigrants' per-person unadjusted medical expenditures compared to U.S. born, even when immigrants had full insurance Source: Alexander N. Ortega, PhD, et.al; Archives of Internal Medicine. 2007;167(21): 2354-2360 116
$11 Estimated taxes per-person spent annually on health care for undocumented immigrants aged 18-64 Source: Immigrants And The Cost Of Medical Care: Health Affairs, 25, no. 6 (2006): 1700-1711 117
It ain t what you don t know that gets you into trouble. It s what you know for sure that just ain t so. Mark Twain 118
Other Facts 119
0 Number of undocumented immigrants who registered to vote in Maricopa County 1991-Present Source: Desert Politics Interview with Maricopa County Director of Elections, Karen Osborne, 11/3/07 120
Felony Level of crime for any non-citizen to attempt to register to vote Source: Desert Politics Interview with Maricopa County Director of Elections, Karen Osborne, 11/3/07 121
None Chances of any green-card holder of becoming a U.S. citizen after attempting to register to vote Source: Desert Politics Interview with Maricopa County Director of Elections, Karen Osborne, 11/3/07 122
Arizona Poll Results 125
65% Disagree with classifying undocumented immigrants as common criminals Source: BRC Rocky Mountain Poll - RMP 2007-V-01 126
66% Agree that politicians are turning immigration into an ugly racial issue Source: BRC Rocky Mountain Poll - RMP 2007-V-01 127
78% Agree that a guest worker program should be implemented Source: BRC Rocky Mountain Poll - RMP 2007-V-01 128
83% Agree that fair and humane treatment of foreign workers is as important as securing the border Source: BRC Rocky Mountain Poll - RMP 2007-V-01 129
The greatest threat to democracy is having a public that thinks it is fully informed, but really isn t very well informed at all. Linda Foley 132