UNIT 12 TEST--Modern America NAME: 1. The Bay of Pigs incident involved (A) a clash between a U.S. Navy destroyer & North Vietnamese patrol boats (B) a confrontation between U.S. & Soviet troops in Europe (C) the presence of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba (D) a CIA plot to overthrow Chilean leader Salvador Allende (D) a U.S. - sponsored attempt by free Cubans to overthrow Communist dictator Fidel Castro 2. The Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, in 1961, was carried out by (A) Caribbean mercenaries hired by the United States (B) Cuban exiles trained by the Central Intelligence Agency (C) Cuban Communist rebels led by Fidel Castro (D) American soldiers (E) the Soviet navy 3. Which of the following was an immediate consequence of the Bay of Pigs incident? (A) Congress demanded United States withdrawal from the Panama Canal Zone. (B) The Soviet Union sent missiles to Cuba. (C) Americans began to view nuclear power plants as dangerous. (D) The United States ended its military occupation of Japan. (E) China entered the Korean War. 4. Which of the following best describes the agreement that ended the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis? (A) The Soviet Union agreed not to invade Turkey, & the United States agreed not to invade Cuba. (B) The Soviet Union agreed to withdraw its missiles from Cuba, & the United States agreed to withdraw its missiles from Western Europe. (C) The Soviet Union agreed to withdraw its missiles from Cuba, & the United States agreed not to invade Turkey. (D) The Soviet Union agreed not to station troops in Cuba, & the United States agreed not to invade Cuba. (E) The Soviet Union agreed to withdraw its missiles from Cuba, & the United States agreed not to invade Cuba 5. The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 did NOT result in (A) Kennedy lifting the Cuban blockade (B) Khrushchev withdrawing missiles from Cuba (C) setting up a hot line for communication during a crisis (D) the United States promising not to invade Cuba (E) the United States agreeing to turn over the American bases at Guantánamo 6. U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War was (A) approved by the UN Security Council (B) designed to root out Soviets in Asia (C) based on decisions by Republican presidents (D) born from a sense of responsibility stemming from the Truman Doctrine (E) officially declared.a war by the Gulf of Tonkin resolution 7. Which of the following best summarizes the United States primary reason for participating in the war in Vietnam? (A)the United States was required to fight under the terms of its military alliance with Japan (B)Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh requested American military assistance (C)The United States was hoping to promote Asian autonomy and anticolonialism (D)American foreign policy experts believed that, without intervention, communism would spread from Vietnam throughout southeast Asia (E)The government felt obliged to protect the United States considerable business interests in Vietnam 8. Which of the following statements best describes the reaction of the Kennedy administration to the Freedom Rides? (A) It tried to remain noncommittal as the vote on the Civil Rights Act was approaching. (B) Kennedy risked his political career by authorizing the use of force against violators of the Fifteenth Amendment. (C) At the urging of his brother Robert, President Kennedy finally sent federal troops to end the violence. (D) It denounced the freedom rides as a publicity stunt and asked for them to stop. (E) Kennedy personally greeted the riders as they completed their last stop. 9. The doctrine of flexible response is associated with which of the following men? (A)John Foster Dulles (B) Dean Rusk (C) Robert McNamara (D) McGeorge Bundy (E) Dean Acheson
10. Martin Luther King Jr. s famous I have a dream speech at the Washington Monument, the largest political demonstration in the United States to date, was held in support of (A) the Civil Rights Act proposed by John F. Kennedy (D) the victories of the sit-ins by college students (B) the Freedom Rides (E) the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) (C) U.S. actions in Vietnam 11. During the 1960s, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) shifted its political agenda in which of the following ways? (A) Although it started as an antiwar organization, by the mid-1960s the SNCC was solely pursuing a civil rights agenda (B) The SNCC, initially a Christian organization, officially allied itself with the Nation of Islam in 1963 (C) Although initially integrationist, by 1966 the SNCC advocated black separatism (D) The SNCC originally concerned itself exclusively with political issues on college campuses; over the years, it broadened its agenda (E) The SNCC initially sought to achieve its goals through litigation; later, it pursued its agenda through peaceful demonstrations 12. John F. Kennedy s foreign policy included all of the following events EXCEPT (A) strong support for West Berlin (B) economic sanctions and assassination plots directed at Cuba (C) establishment of a direct phone line between Washington and Moscow to prevent nuclear war (D) the 13-day standoff with the Russians in October 1962 (E) the successful invasion at the Bay of Pigs in April 1961 13. Which of the following is true of the Gulf of Tonkin incident? (A) It involved the seizure, by North Vietnam, of a U.S. navy intelligence ship in international waters. (B) It involved a clash of U.S. & Soviet warships. (C) In it, two North Vietnamese fighter-bombers were shot down as they neared U.S. Navy ships. (D) It led to major U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. (E) In it, a U.S. Navy destroyer was damaged by a guided missiles in both the U.S. & Soviet arsenals. 14. The high inflation rates of the late 1960 s and early 1970 s were primarily the result of (A) major state and federal tax increases (B) increased investment in major industries (C) spending on social-welfare programs and the Vietnam War (D) a decline in foreign trade (E) deregulation of key transportation and defense industries 15. The Tet offensive of 1968 during the Vietnam War demonstrated that (A) bombing North Vietnam had severely curtailed Vietcong supplies (B) the army of South Vietnam was in control of the South (C) the American strategy was working (D) a negotiated settlement was in the near future (E) the Vietcong could attack major cities throughout South Vietnam 16. The National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded in 1966 in order to (A) encourage women to believe in the feminine mystique (D) advocate restrictions on access to abortion (B) challenge sex discrimination in the workplace (E) advocate equal access for women to athletic facilities (C) oppose the proposed Equal Rights Amendment 17. The major objective of the antipoverty programs of Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society was to (A) break the cycle of poverty among poor people through education and job training (B) provide temporary benefits to the "new poor" during times of recession (C) transfer the federal government's responsibility for welfare back to the states (D) simplify welfare by replacing job programs with cash grants for the poor (E) build a socialist society in the United States 18. Legislation and executive orders associated with the Great Society created all of the following EXCEPT (A) the Works Progress Administration (D) Medicare (B) the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (E) Project Head Start (C) the Department of Housing and Urban Development
19. The central point of the 1960s cartoon at right was that (A) the public was more interested in foreign policy than in domestic reforms (B) the President was more interested in domestic programs than in foreign policy (C) protesters were successfully challenging the goals of Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society (D) opposition to the Vietnam War improved Lyndon B. Johnson's hopes for reelection (E) the cost of the Vietnam War limited the President's ability to carry out domestic programs 20. President Lyndon Johnson struggled to keep his Great Society program afloat due to (A) his desire to reduce voting rights for African Americans (B) Congressional opposition to a withdrawal from Vietnam (C) government spending to keep missiles out of Cuba (D) increased protections of the environment (E) his failure to increase taxes to offset the cost of war and his programs 21. The 1968 Tet Offensive was significant because it (A) showed that American soldiers were ill equipped to fight in the jungle (B) pressured North Vietnam to come to the bargaining table (C) convinced President Johnson to begin bombing Cambodia (D)-reaffirmed popular support for the South Vietnamese government (E) led to increased anti-war sentiment in the United States 22. Richard Nixon s 1968 political comeback to win the presidency can be partly attributed to (A) dissension within the Democratic Party over Vietnam (B) the defection of Black voters to the Republican Party (C) Nixon s cordial relations with the news media (D) Nixon s great popularity as Eisenhower s vice president (E) Nixon s promise of immediate withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam 23. The 1968 George Wallace presidential campaign on the American Independence ticket probably helped Richard Nixon win the election because (A) Wallace s racism directed voters attention away from the Watergate scandal (B) Wallace won several traditionally Democratic Southern states (C) Wallace s participation sent the election to the House of Representatives, where Nixon was more popular (D) in the final week, Wallace withdrew from the race and threw his support to Nixon (E) Wallace and Humphrey, the Democratic candidate held similar views on all the major issue 24. The Pentagon Papers were (A) a series of articles written by two young Washington Post reporters regarding the Watergate break-in (B) the blueprints for the design of the Pentagon building (C) classified Vietnam War-related documents leaked by Daniel Ellsberg to the New York Times (D) transcripts linking the CIA to the coup overthrowing Ngo Dinh Diem (E) plans for the invasion of Cuba 25. The main purpose of the War Powers Act in 1973 was to (A) expand the power of the military (D) restrict the power of the military (B) expand the power of the president (E) restrict the power of the president (C) restrict the power of Congress
26. All of the following were part of Richard Nixon s southern strategy in 1972 to build a Republican majority EXCEPT (A) use Vice President Spiro Agnew to attack liberal and antiwar protesters (B) appeal to the Silent Majority (C) appoint southern conservative judges to the Supreme Court (D) establish greater rapport with the press (E) appeal to Catholic, ethnic, and blue-collar workers by stressing traditional values 27. The economy of the 1970s was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT (A) the oil crisis started by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (B) rising inflation due to spending on the Vietnam War (C) economic opportunities for all Americans (D) rising interest rates (E) loss of jobs 28. The Nixon Doctrine proclaimed that (A) the United States would establish détente with the Soviet Union in order to limit China s influence in Asia (B) China and the United States would establish diplomatic relations with each other (C) Taiwan would be guaranteed U.S. protection against invasion by Communist China (D) America would honor its military agreement with its Asian allies, but would limit the number of combat troops in its allies wars (E) America would continue to send troops to countries fighting communism in Asia 29. Four people were killed and eleven wounded at Kent State University in Ohio when (A) protests grew violent, leading to clashes with federal troops (B) Nixon ordered all local police departments to crush student anti-war protests (C) male students fought with campus feminists (D) National Guardsmen fired into a crowd of students at an antiwar protest (E) students protested the admittance of a black student into the university 30. The Black Power movement of the late 1960s advocated that African Americans (A) organize political parties sympathetic to communism (D) establish control of their political and economic life (B) establish African American communities in Africa (E) assimilate into White society (C) seek the racial integration of northeastern cities 31. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) (A) was a new amendment proposed in 1970 by Betty Friedan and NOW (B) was pocket vetoed by President Eisenhower (C) split the feminist movement with moderates and radicals disagreeing over the scope of the provisions (D) was passed and ratified in 1986 (E) was passed in 1972 but failed to get the number of states to become an Amendment 32. In the Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade it was ruled that (A) there are no protections of a woman's right to abortion in the Constitution (B) states have the right to ban all methods of abortion (C) the Constitution protects a woman's right to privacy in the matter of abortion (D) states cannot regulate the distribution of contraceptives by doctors and clinics (E) states have no right to set laws prohibit- ing the sale of pornographic material 33. An underlying principle of President Carter s foreign policy was based on (A) continuing the policy of détente with the Soviet Union (B) the belief that opening relations with China would strengthen American interests in the area (C) working closely with the United Nations to promote peace (D) limiting American involvement with our NATO allies (E) making human rights the cornerstone of the policy 34. The Carter administration faced its greatest policy challenges in the realm of (A) energy conservation (D) Latin American affairs (B) social programs (E) relations between Egypt and Israel (C) economic issues
35. Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan were similar as presidential candidates in that both (A) articulated the public s desire for less involvement in foreign affairs (B) capitalized on their status as Washington outsiders (C) promised Congress increased control over domestic matters (D) renounced private fund-raising in support of their campaigns (E) had built national reputations as legislators 36. All of the following were part of Ronald Reagan s political platform EXCEPT (A) reducing taxes (D) returning more power to the states (B) deregulating the airline and banking industries (E) privatizing the Social Security system (C) increasing defense spending 37. In the presidential election of 1984, Ronald Reagan (A) barely escaped losing to Walter Mondale (B) won the election in a landslide (C) lost votes from women and youth (D) struggled to maintain his hold after the Iran-Contra Scandal (E) gained a large following of African American voters 38. President Reagan's use of supply-side economics presupposed that (A) wealth needed to be redistributed to close the poverty gap (B) the first priority should be to balance the federal budget (C) increased government spending was needed to stimulate the economy (D) tax cuts to middle and high income Americans would stimulate investment (E) the government needed to lower interest rates 39. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (A) stipulated that Mexico and Canada agree to buy goods exclusively from the United States (B) set "most-favored-nation status" with China (C) began the development of a unified economic community like the European Union (D) attempted to lift most tariffs on goods sold across the international borders of the United States, Mexico, and Canada (E) was highly praised by organized labor in the United States 40. Operation Desert Storm in 1991 began after (A) Libyan militants attacked a discotheque in Lebanon killing 283 U.S. Marines (B) the United Nations Security Council authorized the use of force against the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait (C) American hostages were taken by Iranian revolutionaries at the U.S. Embassy (D) Congress declared war against Iraq and Saddam Hussein (E) terrorists bombed the USS Cole in Yemen 41. Despite a surge in popularity due to the success of Operation Desert Storm, President George Bush's momentum suffered from (A) a lack of attention to domestic issues (D) embarrassment over the failure of an invasion of Panama (B) a resurgence of Communist aggression (E) the hostage crisis in Iran (C) failure to sign SALT II 42. Jerry Falwell is most closely associated with (A) the Contract with America (D) opposition to President Clinton s health care reforms (B) the Moral Majority (E) support for the Roe v. Wade decision (C) Focus on the Family 43. Cesar Chavez is most closely associated with (A) United Farm Workers (D) Sierra Club (B) Congress of Racial Equality (E) American Indian Movement (C) United Mine Workers