THE POLITICAL THEORY OF EQUALITY (EQUL40050) John Baker

THE POLITICAL THEORY OF EQUALITY (EQUL40050) John Baker (john.baker@ucd.ie) The purpose of this course is to explore a number of questions in egalitarian theory. There is a slight but unavoidable overlap between the course and the Equality Studies module Egalitarian Theory and Practice but we will try to use this as constructively as possible and should not present a problem for students from other programmes. The literature in egalitarian theory is vast, so this module will inevitably be selective. Its main aim is to provide you with an opportunity to read and discuss some work in contemporary egalitarian theory. Running through a number of the issues is the work of G.A. Cohen, who was the foremost egalitarian political philosopher in recent times. Please note that there will be no class on 7 March. Note on locations: BBRO = available in the Required and Other Readings folder of the Readings folder on Blackboard GEN = location in main library SLC = short loan collection ( multiple copy library ) PC = SLC photocopy collection (now often easier to find online) BB = accessible through the Readings folder on Blackboard under Sources Available Online EJ = accessible online through UCD Connect Library E-Journals page nil = not in library (used sparingly; none of these are essential readings.). All handouts distributed will be available online in the Course Documents folder on Blackboard. General The course is set out in 6 Sections to make its overall structure as intelligible as possible; my intention is to devote one or more classes to each Section. The number of readings under each title is somewhat arbitrary and does not indicate weight. Required readings are double-starred (**) these may change. You are advised to read at least one starred (*) reading in each Section in addition to the required reading. For most of the core readings, specific pages are highlighted for special attention. As this course is based on the intensive discussion of the required readings, it is essential that you do the readings and attend the classes. There is no textbook for the course, but these are some works that are referred to several times in the reading list and for which full bibliographical details are given here. Armstrong, Chris (2006) Rethinking Equality: The Challenge of Equal Citizenship (Manchester: Manchester University Press). SLC 323.6/ARM Baker, John, Kathleen Lynch, Sara Cantillon and Judy Walsh (2009) Equality: From Theory to Action (2nd edn.; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). Please read chs.1-2 [BBRO] if you have not done so already. Barry, Brian (2005) Why Social Justice Matters (Cambridge: Polity) GEN 303.372/BAR Brighouse, Harry (2004) Justice (Cambridge: Polity) SLC 320.011/BRI Clayton, Matthew and Andrew Williams, eds (2002) The Ideal of Equality (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan) SLC 305/CLA Cohen, G. A. (2008) Rescuing Justice and Equality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press). GEN 305/COH White, Stuart (2006) Equality (Cambridge: Polity) SLC 305/WHI.

Wright, Erik Olin (2010) Envisioning Real Utopias (London: Verso). GEN 335 [BBRO] Political Theory of Equality, page 2 Young, Iris Marion (1990) Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press) SLC 320.011/YOU There is a list of publication in egalitarian theory as well as a collection of unpublished manuscripts at the Equality Exchange site http://mora.rente.nhh.no/projects/equalityexchange/ [BB]. Section 1. Introduction to the course 1.1. What is the point of a normative theory of equality? Discussion of some issues that give rise to theoretical problems. Introduction to political theory. Barry, Why Social Justice Matters, ch. 1. GEN 303.372/BAR Brighouse, Justice, ch. 2. SLC 320.011/BRI **Cohen, G. A. (2011) How to do Political Philosophy, in On the Currency of Egalitarian Justice, and Other Essays, ed. M. Otsuka (Princeton: Princeton University Press). [BBRO] Kymlicka, Will (2002) Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction, 2nd edition (Oxford University Press), ch. 1. SLC 320.5/KYM McBride, C., J. De Wispelaere, S. O Neill (2007). Introduction: Theorising Politics, Irish Political Studies 22 (4): 395-410. [BB/EJ] 1.2. Some key issues in egalitarian theory Overview/review of the issues used to structure the rest of the course. Section 2. Distributive justice: Rawls s Difference Principle This section of the course is devoted to texts setting out ideas that have been seminal in the development of normative egalitarian theory since the 1970s. Although typically developed within the liberal egalitarian tradition, these ideas are essential for understanding debates about more radical egalitarian views. 2.1. Rawls s justice as fairness Rawls is the most prominent liberal egalitarian. Being familiar with the key ideas in his theory is essential for following the central arguments in contemporary egalitarian theory generally. A great deal of the work on Rawls concerns his method of justifying his principles using the device of the Original Position, which is outlined in the contextual reading below. Our discussion in class will focus on one part of his second principle of justice, the Difference Principle. ** Rawls, John (1999) A Theory of Justice, revised edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press) [first edition published 1971] SLC 340.1/RAW [BBRO]: Essential contextual reading: chapter I secs. 1-4; chapter II sec. 10 Core passages for discussion in class: chapter II secs. 11-13 (but you can skip the technical discussions on pp. 59-60, 65-67, 70-71) Useful for subsequent seminars: chapter II secs. 15, 17 * Rawls, J (1974) Reply to Alexander and Musgrave (extracts), in Clayton and Williams, eds. The Ideal of Equality, pp. 21-40 SLC 305/CLA [see BB for journal article version] * Rawls, John (2001) Justice As Fairness: A Restatement (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), Part II. SLC 320.011/RAW

Political Theory of Equality, page 3 Brighouse, Justice, ch. 3. SLC 320.011/BRI Kymlicka, Will (2002) Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction, 2nd edition (Oxford University Press), ch. 3, pp. 53-75. SLC 320.5/KYM Cohen, The Greatness of John Rawls, pp. 11-14 of Rescuing Justice and Equality. 2.1.1. Equality or priority? A key issue raised by Rawls s Difference Principle is the choice between strict equality and priority. * Clayton, M. and A. Williams (2002) Some Questions for Egalitarians, in Clayton and Williams, eds., The Ideal of Equality, esp. pp. 1-8 SLC 305/CLA O'Neill, Martin (2008) 'What Should Egalitarians Believe?', Philosophy & Public Affairs 36: 119-56. [EJ] [includes both critique of Parfit below and general view on nature of egalitarianism] Parfit, Derek (1997), Equality and Priority, Ratio (new series) 10, 202-21. [BB/EJ] This is a shorted version of: Parfit, Derek (1995) Equality or Priority?, Lawrence, KA: University of Kansas. PC 16677; reprinted in Clayton and Williams, eds., The Ideal of Equality, pp. 81-125 SLC 305/CLA Temkin, Larry (2002) Equality, Priority, and the Levelling-Down Objection, in Clayton and Williams, eds., The Ideal of Equality, pp. 126-161. SLC 305/CLA White, Equality, pp. 20-23. 2.1.2. Equality or sufficiency? A related issue, which we may not get to discuss, is the choice between equality and sufficiency. Frankfurt, Harry (1987) Equality as a moral ideal, Ethics 98. PC 16628 [classic expression of case for sufficiency rather than equality] [BB/EJ] Arneson, Richard J. (2002) Why Justice Requires Transfers to Offset Income and Wealth Inequalities, Social Philosophy and Policy 19, pp. 172-200 [misleading title: primarily an attack on sufficiency] [BB/EJ] Casal, Paula (2007) Why Sufficiency Is Not Enough, Ethics 117, 296 326. [BB/EJ] There are some further sources and a bibliography in the Readings folder of Blackboard. 2.2. Cohen s critique ** Cohen, G. A. (2008) Rescuing Justice and Equality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press): First week The Pareto Argument (ch. 2) [BBRO] Essential contextual reading: pp. 87-106 Core passages for discussion in class: pp. 97-106 Second week The Freedom Objection (ch. 5) [BBRO]. Essential contextual reading: sections 1-2 Core passages for discussion in class: pp. 181-193 (but you can skip discussion of Sen pp. 187-88) I d encourage you to read sections 4-6 as well if you have time. For some criticisms of Cohen (some of which concentrate on other chapters of the book) see:

Political Theory of Equality, page 4 * Casal, Paula (2010) Mill, Rawls, Cohen and the Egalitarian Trilemma (forthcoming) [BBRO] (There is link to a podcast of Paula Casal s paper in the Course Materials folder.) Julius, A. J. (2003) Basic Structure and the Value of Equality, Philosophy and Public Affairs 31 (4), 321-55. [EJ] Meckled-Garcia, Saladin (2002), Why Work Harder? Equality, Social Duty and the Market, Political Studies, 50 (4) 779-93. [EJ] Williams, Andrew (1998) Incentives, Inequality, and Publicity, Philosophy and Public Affairs 27, 225-247. [EJ] o Cohen, Rescuing Justice and Equality ch. 8 is a reply to Williams. Volume 21 No 4 (December 2008) of Ratio is devoted to Cohen s book [EJ]. Other relevant theoretical readings Baker, John (1984) Arguing for Equality (London: Verso), ch. 8 SLC 323.4/BAK Barry, Brian (1989) Theories of Justice (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press), pp. 213-234. SLC 320.011/BAR Carens, Joseph H. (1981) Equality, Moral Incentives, and the Market (Chicago: University of Chicago Press). GEN 335.12 Gomberg, Paul (2007) How to Make Opportunity Equal: Race and Contributive Justice (Oxford: Blackwell). GEN 172.2/GOM [this also discusses some of the empirical issues below] White, Equality, ch. 5. Wilkinson, T. M. (2000) Freedom, Efficiency and Equality (Basingstoke: Macmillan). SLC 323.4201/WIL 2.3. Empirical issues on incentives This sub-section contains some material that is quite dated but may be a good starting-off point if you want to pursue these issues. You will want to search for newer items if you decide to pursue these questions. 2.3.1. Motivation in capitalist firms There are many discussions of worker motivation in management textbooks shelved at GEN 658, such as: Silver, Gerald (1981) Introduction to Management (St. Paul, MN: West), ch 15 GEN 658/SIL Books specifically on workplace motivation are mostly shelved at 158.7 and 658.314, for example: Bolton, Sharon C. (2005) Emotion Management in the Workplace (Basingstoke: Palgrave). GEN 158.7/BOL (GEN 658.314/BOL in Blackrock) O Reilly, Charles A. and Pfeffer, Jeffrey (2000) Hidden value: how great companies achieve extraordinary results with ordinary people (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press). GEN 658.314/ORE Steers, Richard, Porter, Lyman, and Bigley, Gregory (1996) Motivation and leadership at work, 6th edition (London: McGraw-Hill). SLC 658.314

Political Theory of Equality, page 5 2.3.2. Moral and material incentives This sub-section relates to a debate about practices in the (then) actually-existing socialist societies and may be of interest. Antler, Steven D. (1970?) Material Incentives and Cuban Economic Planning: A Classical Approach Social Theory and Practice 1. [print journal J 100] Bernardo, Robert M. (1971) The Theory of Moral Incentives in Cuba (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press). GEN 335.4/BER Clecak, Peter (1970?) Moral versus Material Incentives Social Theory and Practice 1. [print journal J 100] Farber, Samuel (1982) Material and Non-Material Work Incentives as Ideologies and Practices of Order, Review of Radical Political Economics 14 (4): 29-39. [print journal J 330] Hoffmann, Charles (1974) The Chinese Worker (Albany: State University of New York Press), ch 4 GEN 305.5620951/HOF Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. 1968. The Labor Sector and Socialist Distribution in Cuba (New York: Hoover Institution). GEN 335.09729/MES Section 3. Relational Justice 1: Love, care and solidarity In this and the following three sections of the course, we investigate some of the issues involved in thinking about a couple of the less well explored different dimensions of equality set out in Equality: From Theory to Action. Section 2 concerns the distribution of resources; this section and section 4 might by contrast be thought of as having to do with relational justice. The growing literature on whether and how love and care are matters of justice moves in many directions. Some of the literature (e.g. Kittay 1999) is set out by way of a critique of Rawls. Some (e.g. Nussbaum 2000) is integrated into the exposition of the capability approach. Others (e.g. Brighouse and Swift 2009) are concerned with the impact of unequal care on other inequalities (in their case inequality of opportunity). The reading for this seminar is a recent article that raises a number of important issues about love and care and should, I hope, be a good basis for discussion. ** Gheaus, Anca (2009) How Much of What Matters Can We Redistribute? Love, Justice and Luck, Hypatia 24 (4), 63-83. [BBRO] * Kittay, Eva Feder (1999) Love s Labor: Essays on Women, Equality, and Dependency (New York: Routledge) SLC 305/KIT ch 4 [BBRO] There is a symposium on Kittay s book, with a reply by her in: Hypatia 17 (3) (Summer 2002). [BB/EJ] * Nussbaum, Martha C. (2000) Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), esp. chs. 1 and 4. SLC 305.42/NUS [BBRO] Baker et al (2009) Equality, pp. 28-29, 37-38 Brighouse, Harry and Adam Swift (2009) 'Legitimate Parental Partiality', Philosophy & Public Affairs 37: 43-80. [BB/EJ] Benhabib, Seyla (1992) Situating the Self (Cambridge: Polity Press), ch. 6. SLC 170/BEN Bubeck, Diemut Elisabet (1995) Care, Gender, and Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press), esp. ch. 5. SLC 305.43/BUB

Held, V., ed. (1995) Justice and Care (Boulder, CO: Westview Press). GEN 170/HEL Political Theory of Equality, page 6 Kymlicka, Will (2002) Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction, 2nd edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press), ch. 9. SLC 320.5/KYM Lynch, Kathleen, John Baker, Maureen Lyons, and others (2009) Affective Equality: Love, Care and Injustice (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), chs. 1 and 12. SLC 305/LYN Sevenhuijsen, Selma (1998) Citizenship and the Ethics of Care: Feminist Considerations on Justice, Morality and Politics (London: Routledge). GEN 362.0425/SEV Walzer, Spheres of Justice, ch. 9 SLC 305/WAL Section 4. Relational Justice 2: respect and recognition The idea of respect for persons plays an important role in contemporary egalitarianism, ultimately stemming from Kant. There are many interesting issues under this heading, including what arguments (if any) justify equal respect and the relationship between the idea of respect and other putative egalitarian principles, on both of which issues there are some references below. The main issue we will focus on in class is whether respecting people as equals requires us to recognise group-related differences between them (4.2 below), and in particular the alleged difference between multiculturalism and interculturalism. In subsection 4.1 I have listed below some background literature on respect for persons, but we will concentrate on the debate about group-related recognition. 4.1. Background: the idea of respect for persons 4.1.1. Arguments for respect for persons Lukes, Steven (1977) Socialism and Equality in his Essays in Social Theory PC 1189 [BBRO] Williams, Bernard (1972) The Idea of Equality in P. Laslett & W.G. Runciman (eds) Philosophy, Politics and Society: second series SLC 300.8 Lloyd Thomas, D.A. (1979) Equality within the limits of reason alone Mind 88, 352 PC 3101 [BB/EJ] Rawls, John (1999) A Theory of Justice, revised edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press), sec. 77 SLC 340.1/RAW These works all draw on: Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork to a Metaphysic of Morals, published as H.J. Paton (ed) The Moral Law SLC 193 4.1.2. Proponents of respect for (or recognition of) other individuals as equals as the defining idea of egalitarianism Walzer, Spheres of Justice, ch. 11. SLC 305/WAL Honneth, Axel (1995) The struggle for recognition: the moral grammar of social conflicts (Cambridge: Polity), esp. ch. 5 and more esp. sec II of that chapter. SLC 303.6/HON Miller, David (1997) What Kind of Equality Should the Left Pursue?, in Jane Franklin (ed), Equality, (London : Institute for Public Policy Research), pp. 83-99. SLC 305 EQU. Miller, David (1997) Equality and Justice, Ratio (new series) 10, 222-237 [BB/EJ]

Political Theory of Equality, page 7 Reprinted in: Miller, David (1997) Principles of Social Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), ch. 11. SLC 303.372/MIL Scheffler, Samuel (2003) What Is Egalitarianism? Philosophy & Public Affairs, 31 (1), 5-39. [BB/EJ] 4.2. Recognition of group-related differences 4.2.1. Proponents of recognition There are several prominent proponents of group-related recognition, each with different lines of argument and emphases. For the purpose of class discussion I have chosen Young as a point of discussion but if you decide to work on this area you will want to read some of the other authors listed here. ** Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference SLC 320.011/YOU Essential contextual reading: ch. 2: pp. 58-61, and ch. 6: pp. 156-83 [BBRO] Core passages for discussion in class: pp. 159-173. Young, Iris Marion (2001) Equality of Whom? Social Groups and Judgments of Injustice, Journal of Political Philosophy, 9, 1-18. [BB/EJ] * Fraser, Nancy (2000) Rethinking Recognition, New Left Review 2/3, pp. 107-120. PC 17392. [BBRO/EJ] Fraser, Nancy (1995) From Redistribution to Recognition? Dilemmas of Justice in a Post-Socialist Age, New Left Review 1/212. PC 16629 (Reprinted N. Fraser, Justice Interruptus (London: Routledge, 1997) SLC 320.011 Fraser, Nancy and Axel Honneth (2003) Redistribution or Recognition? A Political-Philosophical Exchange, tr. Joel Golb, James Ingram and Christiane Wilke (London:Verso). SLC 303.372/FRA An earlier version of the first chapter of this is available online: Fraser, Nancy (1997) Social Justice in the Age of Identity Politics, in G. B. Peterson (ed.), The Tanner Lectures on Human Values 19 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press), 1-67. [BB] Galeotti, Anna Elisabetta (2002) Toleration as Recognition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). GEN 303.385/GAL An earlier expression of her view is available online: Galeotti, Anna Elisabetta (1993) Citizenship and Equality: The Place for Toleration, Political Theory, 21 (4), 585-605. [BB/EJ] Kymlicka, Will (1995) Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press). SLC 323.1/KYM Parekh, Bhikhu (2000) Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory (London: Macmillan). GSLC 305.8/PAR *Taylor, Charles (1992) The Politics of Recognition, in Multiculturalism and the Politics of Recognition and in Multiculturalism: examining the politics of recognition, both ed. Amy Gutmann (Princeton: Princeton University Press). SLC 305.80973/TAY [BBRO] 4.2.2. Criticisms of recognition As with proponents of recognition, critics take various positions. Barry s is probably the most robust and entertaining. It is somewhat arbitrary to choose ch. 7 but it addresses some key issues.

Political Theory of Equality, page 8 ** Barry, Brian (2001) Culture and Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism (Cambridge: Polity). SLC 305.8/BAR Essential contextual reading: ch 7, secs. 1-4 [BBRO] Core passages for discussion in class: pp. 267-71 For a collection of responses to this book, and a reply by Barry, see: Kelly, Paul (2002) Multiculturalism Reconsidered: Culture and Equality and Its Critics (Cambridge: Polity Press). GEN 305.8/KEL Blum, Lawrence (1998) Recognition, Value, and Equality: A Critique of Charles Taylor s and Nancy Fraser s Accounts of Multiculturalism, Constellations, 5 (1), 51-68. [BB/EJ] Kukathas, Chandran (2003) The Liberal Archipelago: a theory of diversity and freedom (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 246-254. GEN 323.11/KUK Okin, Susan Moller with respondents (1999) Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?, ed. Joshua Cohen, Martin Howard and Martha C. Nussbaum (Princeton: Princeton University Press). SLC 305.42/OKI Scheffler, Samuel (2007) Immigration and the Significance of Culture, Philosophy & Public Affairs 35 (2), 93-125. [BB/EJ] White, Equality, ch. 6. There is a recent special issue on recognition in European Journal of Political Theory 8, 1 (2009) [EJ] Armstrong, Rethinking Equality, ch. 6, is a critical discussion of Fraser. An earlier version is Armstrong, Chris (2008) Collapsing categories: Fraser on economy, culture and justice, Philosophy Social Criticism 34 (4), 409-25. [BB/EJ] 4.2.3. Attempts at reconciling these positions Baker et al (2009) Equality, pp. 34-36. Cooper, Davina (1996) Talmudic Territory? Space, Law, and Modernist Discourse, Journal of Law and Society, 23 (4), 529-48. [BB/EJ] Cooper, Davina (2004) Challenging Diversity: Rethinking Equality and the Value of Difference (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). GEN 305/COO Phillips, Anne (2002) Multiculturalism, Universalism, and the Claims of Democracy, in Maxine Molyneux and Shahra Razavi (eds.), Gender Justice, Development, and Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 115-38. [BBRO] Phillips, Anne (2007) Multiculturalism Without Culture (Princeton: Princeton University Press). GEN 305.48/PHI Possibly some of the titles under 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 really belong under this heading let me know if you think so! 4.3. Multiculturalism v Interculturalism? In some recent work and in public debate, interculturalism has been proposed as an alternative to multiculturalism. This sub-section is particularly concerned with that debate. All of these are in the Readings folder of Blackboard as a separate item called Sources on interculturalism. Baker et al (2009) Equality, pp. 34-36.

Bouchard, Gerard (2011), 'What is interculturalism?', McGill Law Journal, 56 (2), 435-68. Political Theory of Equality, page 9 Kymlicka, Will (2012), 'Comment on Meer and Modood', Journal of Intercultural Studies, 33 (2), 211-16. Lentin, Alana (2005), 'Replacing 'race', historicizing 'culture' in multiculturalism', Patterns of Prejudice, 39 (4), 379-96. Meer, Nasar and Modood, Tariq (2012), 'How does Interculturalism Contrast with Multiculturalism?', Journal of Intercultural Studies, 33 (2), 175-96. Modood, Tariq and Meer, Nasar (2012), 'Rejoinder: Assessing the Divergences on our Readings of Interculturalism and Multiculturalism', Journal of Intercultural Studies, 33 (2), 233-44. **Taylor, Charles (2012), 'Interculturalism or multiculturalism?', Philosophy & Social Criticism, 38 (4-5), 413-23. The term intercultural is used extensively at both EU and national level and examples can be easily found with a search engine. Section 5. Contributive Justice: work Working and learning is identified in Equality: From Theory to Action as a dimension of equality but this dimension is rarely discussed by egalitarians. Recent work by Paul Gomberg and Andrew Sayer has revived attention to this aspect of justice. The readings below concern both theoretical developments and policy proposals. 7.1. Work in general Arneson, Richard J. (1987) Meaningful Work and Socialism, Ethics 97, 517-545. SLC PC 14665 [BB/EJ] * Arneson, Richard J. (1990) Is Work Special? Justice and the Distribution of Employment, American Political Science Review 84, 1127-1147. [BBRO/EJ] Baker et al (2009) Equality, pp. 30-31, 39-41. Barry, Why Social Justice Matters, ch. 15; ch. 6 is also relevant. GEN 303.372/BAR Carens, Joseph H. (1986) Rights and Duties in an Egalitarian Society, Political Theory, 14: 1, pp. 31-49. [BB/EJ] ** Gomberg, Paul (2007) How to Make Opportunity Equal: Race and Contributive Justice (Oxford: Blackwell), ch. 13. [The rest of the book is also interesting.] GEN 172.2/GOM [BBRO] Hsieh, Nien-hê (2008) 'Survey Article: Justice in Production', Journal of Political Philosophy 16: 72-100. International Labour Organization (ILO) (1941) Constitution as amended to include the Declaration Concerning the Aims and Purposes of the ILO. [BB] International Labour Organization (ILO) (1998) Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. [BB] International Labour Organization (ILO) (1999) Report of the Director-General: Decent Work. [BBRO] International Labour Organization (ILO) (2001) Report of the Director-General: Reducing the Decent Work Deficit - A Global Challenge. [BB]

Political Theory of Equality, page 10 Jencks, Christopher, Perman Lauri and Rainwater Lee (1988) What Is a Good Job? A New Measure of Labor-Market Success, American Journal of Sociology 93: 1322-57. [EJ] O Connell, Philip J. and Russell, Helen (2005) Equality at Work? Workplace Equality Policies, Flexible Working Arrangements and the Quality of Work (Dublin: The Equality Authority). [BB] Roessler, Beate (2012) Meaningful Work: Arguments from Autonomy, Journal of Political Philosophy 20 (1), 71-93 [BB/EJ] * Sayer, A. (2009) 'Contributive Justice and Meaningful Work', Res Publica 15: 1-16. [BB/EJ] * Sayer, A. (2009) 'The Injustice of Unequal Work', Soundings 43: 102-13. [BB/EJ] Sayers, Sean (2005) 'Why Work? Marx and Human Nature', Science & Society 69: 606-16. [EJ] Walzer, Spheres of Justice, ch. 6. SLC 305/WAL * Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference esp. ch. 7 SLC 320.011/YOU [BBRO] See also materials from the ETUI under the heading Recent work on Job Quality in the Readings folder of Blackboard 7.2. Care work as an issue for egalitarianism Bubeck, Diemut Elisabet (1995) Care, Gender, and Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press), esp. ch. 5. SLC 305.43/BUB Daly, Mary, ed (2001) Care Work: The Quest for Security (Geneva: International Labour Office). SLC 362/DAL Kittay, Eva Feder (1999) Love s Labor: Essays on Women, Equality, and Dependency (New York: Routledge), esp. ch 1. SLC 305/KIT Lynch, Kathleen, John Baker, Maureen Lyons, and others (2009) Affective Equality: Love, Care and Injustice (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). SLC 305/LYN Section 6: Institutionalising egalitarian justice In this section of the course, we will look at a number of theoretical issues to do with the institutional design of an egalitarian society. The readings below are indicative of the issues for this section of the course but are not entirely up to date, so you should use your initiative if you wish to pursue this further. A key text for this section will be: Wright, Erik Olin (2010), Envisioning Real Utopias (London: Verso), esp. Part II. GEN 335 [BBRO], 6.1. Participatory democracy **Wright (2010) Envisaging Real Utopias, ch. 6 [BBRO] Baker et al (2009) Equality, ch. 6 [BBRO] See the works cited in this chapter for other references. Bachrach, Peter and Botwinick, Aryeh (1992), Power and Empowerment: A Radical Theory of Participatory Democracy (Philadelphia: Temple University Press) GEN 331.0112 Barber, Benjamin (1984), Strong Democracy (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press), SLC 321.8

Political Theory of Equality, page 11 Bowles, Samuel and Gintis, Herbert (1987), Democracy and Capitalism: Property, Community, and the Contradictions of Modern Social Thought (New York: Basic Books) GEN 321.8 Dahl, Robert A. (1989), Democracy and Its Critics (New Haven: Yale University Press), chs. 15-16 GEN 321.8 Graham, Keith (1986), The Battle of Democracy: Conflict, Consensus, and the Individual (London: Wheatsheaf), esp. chs. 7-10 SLC 321.8 Held, David (1996), Models of Democracy (2nd edn.; Cambridge: Polity Press), esp. part 2. SLC 321.8 Kateb, George (1981) 'The Moral Distinctiveness of Representative Democracy', Ethics 91 Macpherson, C.B. (1977) The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy SLC 321.8 Pateman, Carole (1970), Participation and Democratic Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), esp. chs. 1-2 SLC 321.8 Young, Iris Marion (2000), Inclusion and Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press). 6.2. Basic Income **Wright (2010) Envisaging Real Utopias, first part of ch. 7 (pp. 135-156 of typescript, esp. 153-156) [BBRO] See also the works cited in this chapter for other references, some of which are listed below. 6.2.1. General discussions: Arneson, Richard J. (1992) Is Socialism Dead? A Comment on Market Socialism and Basic Income Capitalism, Ethics 102, 485-511. PC 12184 [BB] Baker, John (1992), 'An Egalitarian Case for Basic Income', in Philippe Van Parijs (ed.), Arguing for Basic Income (London: Verso), 101-27. Available at http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3600 Baker, John (2008) All things considered, should feminists embrace basic income?, Basic Income Studies 3, 3, Article 6. available at http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2055 This is part of a symposium on feminism and basic income, available in the Readings folder of BB. Barry, Brian (1997) The Attractions of Basic Income, in J. Franklin, ed., Equality. (London: IPPR), pp. 157-171 SLC 305 EQU.. Lerner, Sally C (1999) Basic Income: economic security for all Canadians. (Toronto: Between the Lines). GEN 362.58/LER Levine, Andrew (1998) Rethinking Liberal Equality: From a Utopian Point of View. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ch. 1 ( Fairness to Idleness ) GEN 323.42/LEV McKay, Ailsa and Jo Vanevery (2000) Gender, Family, and Income Maintenance: A Feminist Case for Citizens Basic Income. Social Politics. PC 18207. Parker, Hermione (1989) Instead of the Dole: An Enquiry into the Integration of Tax and Benefit Systems (London: Routledge). SLC 336.2 PAR Purdy, David (1994) Citizenship, Basic Income and the State, New Left Review 208 (Nov/Dec1994) J 300

Political Theory of Equality, page 12 Rawls, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, sec. 53. SLC 320.011/RAW Rawls, J. (1974) Reply to Alexander and Musgrave (extracts), in Clayton and Williams, eds. The Ideal of Equality, esp. pp. 38-39 SLC 305/CLA [BB] Reeve, Andrew and Andrew Williams (2002) Real Libertarianism Assessed: Political Theory After Van Parijs (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). GEN 320.512 Van der Veen, Robert J. and Philippe Van Parijs (1986) A Capitalist Road to Communism, Theory and Society 15, 635-55. J 301 Van der Veen, Robert J. and Philippe Van Parijs (1986) Universal Grants versus Socialism: Reply to Six Critics, Theory and Society 15, 723-57. J 301 Van der Veen, Robert and Loek Groot (eds.) (2000) Basic Income on the Agenda: Policy Objectives and Political Chances. Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press. SLC 362.58/VEE *Van Parijs, Phillippe (1991) Why Surfers Should be Fed: The Liberal Case for an Unconditional Basic Income, Philosophy and Public Affairs 20, 101-31. PC 12186 [BB] Van Parijs, Phillippe (1992) Basic Income Capitalism, Ethics 102, 465-84. PC 12185 [BB] Van Parijs, Phillippe, ed. (1992) Arguing for Basic Income, London: Verso. SLC 33.22 VAN Van Parijs, Philippe (1995) Real Freedom for All: What (if anything) can justify capitalism?, (Oxford: Oxford University Press). GEN330.1 Van Parijs, Philippe et al. (2001) What s Wrong with a Free Lunch? Boston: Beacon Press. GEN 339.22/VAN. Based on articles available at http://bostonreview.net/br25.5/contents.html [BB] Walter, J. A. (1989) Freedom from Poverty, Freedom from Work (London: Marion Boyars). GEN339.22 White, Stuart (1997) Liberal Equality, Exploitation, and the Case for an Unconditional Basic Income, Political Studies 45, 312-326 J 320. White, Stuart (2003) The civic minimum: on the rights and obligations of economic citizenship (Oxford: Oxford University Press) GEN 330/WHI 6.2.2. Specific applications to Ireland Callan, T., C. O Donoghue, & C. O Neill (1994) Analysis of basic income schemes for Ireland (ESRI Policy Research Series Paper No. 21, 1994) SLC 330.08IR Department of the Taoiseach (2002) Basic Income: A Green Paper. Available online at http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/upload/publications/1660.pdf [BB]. Clark, Charles M. A (2002) The Basic Income Guarantee: Ensuring Progress and Prosperity in the 21st Century (Dublin: Liffey Press / CORI) SLC 339.2 IR/CLA Clark, Charles and John Healy (1997) Pathways to a Basic Income (Dublin: CORI). SLC 362.58/CLA Honohan, Patrick (1987) A Radical Reform of Social Welfare and Income Tax Evaluated, Administration 35, 69-87. J 350 Reynolds, Brigid & S. Healy (eds) (1994) Towards an adequate income for all (Dublin: CORI). SLC 362.58 REY

Political Theory of Equality, page 13 Reynolds, Brigid & S. Healy (eds) (1995) An Adequate Income Guarantee for All (Dublin: CORI). SLC 362.58 REY Reynolds, Brigid & Healy, Seán J (1997) Surfing the income net: the basic income system (Dublin: CORI). Pamphlet Collection 339.2/HEA 6.2.3. Titles in social policy/economics areas: Atkinson, A. B (1995) Public Economics in Action: The Basic Income/Flat Tax Proposal. (Oxford: Oxford University Press). GEN336.24 ATK Atkinson, A.B. (1998) Poverty in Europe (Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 140-149. GEN339.46 ATK Friedman, Milton (1962) Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: Chicago University Press). SLC 330.122 Greenberg, D. and Halsey, H. (1983) Systematic Misreporting and Effects of Income Maintenance Experiments on Work Effort: Evidence from the Seattle-Denver Experiment, Journal of Labor Economics 1, 380-407. J 330 Nelissen, Ian H. M. (1998) Basic income: effects on labour supply income distribution and school enrolment (Tilburg : Tilburg University Press). GEN339.22/NEL You will find a lot of information about basic income at the website of the BIEN (Basic Income Earth Network) http://www.basicincome.org. 6.3. Socialism This list below is divided into 3 main parts, but they cannot be wholly distinguished from each other, particularly because each set contains criticisms of the other. 6.3.1 contains general theoretical discussion of socialism and will be the focus of class discussion. 6.3.2 contains texts which concentrate on forms of 'market socialism', although the collections contain some critical material. Since this contains the bulk of the references, I have tried to classify the material though the classification is incomplete. 6.3.3 contains texts which put the case for a 'democratically planned socialism'. 6.3.1. Theoretical discussions **Cohen, G.A. (2009) Why Not Socialism? (Princeton: Princeton University Press). [BBRO] There has been quite a lot of discussion of Cohen s book. The following are all in BBRO in the item titled Cohen 2009 Why not socialism and discussions : Cunningham, F. (2009), 'Review of GA Cohen, Why Not Socialism?', Socialist Studies, 5 (2), 140-42. Gilabert, P. (2012), 'Cohen on Socialism, Equality and Community', Socialist Studies, 8 (1), 101-21. Holt, Justin P. (2012), 'G.A. Cohen on the Feasibility of Socialism', Critique, 40 (1), 41-55. MacIntyre, A. (2010), 'Review of GA Cohen, Why Not Socialism?', Ethics, 120 (2), 391-95. Miller, R.W. (2010), 'Relationships of Equality: A Camping Trip Revisited', The Journal of Ethics, 14 (3), 231-53. Roemer, J.E. (2010), 'Jerry Cohen's Why Not Socialism? Some Thoughts', The Journal of Ethics, 14 (3), 255-62.

Political Theory of Equality, page 14 Ronzoni, M. (2012), 'Life is not a camping trip - on the desirability of Cohenite socialism', Politics, Philosophy & Economics, 11 (2), 171-85. Vrousalis, N. (2010), 'GA Cohen's Vision of Socialism', The Journal of Ethics, 14 (3), 185-216. Vrousalis, N. (2011), 'Jazz Bands, Camping Trips and Decommodification: GA Cohen on Community', Socialist Studies, 8. Levine, Andrew (1988) Arguing for Socialism: Theoretical Considerations, 2nd ed. (London: Verso) GEN 335 *Wright (2010) Envisaging Real Utopias, remaining part of ch. 7 (pp. 157-189 of typescript, esp. 173-186) [BBRO] See the works cited in this chapter for other references. 6.3.2. Market Socialism Models (a) Historical source(s) Lange, Oskar (1964) 'On the Economic Theory of Socialism', in O. Lange & Fred M. Taylor, On the Economic Theory of Socialism (New York: McGraw Hill) GEN 335 (b) Public ownership models Bardhan, Pranab & John Roemer (eds) (1993) Market Socialism: The Current Debate (Oxford: Oxford University Press) nil Bardhan, Pranab & John Roemer (1992) 'Market Socialism: A Case for Rejuvenation' Journal of Economic Perspectives 6, 3 Roemer, John E. (1993) A Future for Socialism (Verso, 1993) GEN 335 Roemer, John E. (1989) 'Visions of Capitalism and Socialism', Socialist Review nil Roemer, John E. (1992) 'The Morality and Efficiency of Market Socialism', Ethics 102, 3 Roemer, John E. et al (1996) Equal Shares: Making Market Socialism Work (London: Verso) 338.9 ROE Arneson, Richard J. (19920 'Is Socialism Dead? A Comment on Market Socialism and Basic Income Capitalism', Ethics 102, 3 (April 1992) [discusses Roemer's article in same issue] Yunker, James (1979) Socialism in the Free Market (New York: Nellin) GEN 335 Yunker, James (1992) Socialism Revised and Modernized: The Case for Pragmatic Market Socialism (New York: Praeger) GEN 335.4 (c) 'Democratic firm' models Breitenbach, Hans,Tom Burden, David Coates (1990) Features of a Viable Socialism (London: Harvester) GEN 335 Gould, Carol (1988) Rethinking Democracy: Freedom and Social Cooperation in Politics, Economy and Society (Cambridge: CUP), esp. ch 9, GEN 321.8 Hodgson, Geoff (1984) The Democratic Economy (Harmondsworth: Penguin) GEN 330.1

Le Grand, Julian & Saul Estrin (eds) (1989) Market Socialism (Oxford: OUP) GEN 335 Political Theory of Equality, page 15 Miller, David (1989) Market, State and Community: Theoretical Foundations of Market Socialism (Oxford: OUP) GEN 335, SLC 330.126 Nove, Alec (1991) The Economics of Feasible Socialism Revisited (London: Unwin) SLC 335 Schweickart, David (1994) Against Capitalism (Cambridge: CUP) GEN 330.122 SCH (d) Applications of democratic theory to economics Archer, Robin (1995) Economic Democracy: The Politics of Feasible Socialism (Oxford: OUP) GEN 320.531 ARC Bowles, Samuel and Herbert Gintis (1986) Democracy and Capitalism (New York: Basic Books) GEN 321.8 Bowles, Samuel and Herbert Gintis (1998) Recasting Egalitarianism: New Rules for Communities, States and Markets (London: Verso) nil Cunningham, Frank (1987) Democratic Theory and Socialism (Cambridge: CUP) GEN 320.531 CUN Dahl, R. A. (1985) A Preface to Economic Democracy (Cambrige; Polity) GEN 658.3225 (not strictly socialist) 6.3.3. Democratic Planning models Devine, Pat (1998) Democracy and Economic Planning (Cambridge: Polity) GEN 338.9 Albert, Michael (2004) Parecon : life after capitalism (London : Verso) GEN 339 ALB, DevSt 339.01 ALB. The text and other writings by Albert are available at http://www.zcommunications.org/zspace/malbert Albert, Michael & Robin Hahnel (1992) 'Participatory Planning', Science and Society 56 Albert, Michael & Robin Hahnel (1991) Looking Forward (Boston: South End Press) GEN 330 (general version of following book) Albert, Michael & Robin Hahnel (1991) The Political Economy of Participatory Economics (Princeton, 1991) GEN 330.12 Chris Harman (1984) 'The Myth of Market Socialism', International Socialism 2, 42 nil Ernest Mandel (1986) 'In Defence of Socialist Planning', New Left Review 159 (1986) [see reply by Nove in 161 (1987)] GEN J 300

Political Theory of Equality, page 16 Assessment The assessment for this module is in two parts. 20% is based on an agreed task which you may tailor to your own interests and abilities. 80% is based on an essay of 3000-4000 words. Part 1. Agreed self-assessed piece of work You will be asked to specify an in-term task for yourself together with the criteria you think it should be assessed by. You should set out this task and criteria exactly as you would like it to be set out if someone were assigning you to do it, i.e. to specify both the task and the assessment criteria as clearly as possible. We will then take whatever steps are necessary to agree that this is a reasonable task and well-specified. You will then be asked to assess your work according to your criteria, and I will assess it as well. We will take whatever steps are necessary to come to an agreed grade. Here are some suggestions of appropriate tasks based on previous students choices: a) A more-or-less weekly individual blog in which you comment on the readings and/or classes (say 8 in total). This would be a kind of learning journal and appropriate criteria for assessment might be things like relevance, accuracy to texts, punctuality. b) A set of short analyses of specific texts and/or issues. This would be a way of engaging a little more deeply with the texts and appropriate criteria might be things like relevance, accuracy, thoughtfulness, argument, punctuality. c) A collective blog in which different members rotate in terms of main comments and responses. This would be a way of conducting a dialogue about the issues and appropriate criteria might be things like relevance, inventiveness, responsiveness and punctuality. d) A class-based presentation or workshop. This would be a way of sharing your insights with others and appropriate criteria might be things like accuracy, structure, clarity and insight. Other ideas are welcome. If you want to do something written as per a-c above, you might take 1500-2000 words to be your total wordcount, e.g. 8 short blogs of about 200-250 words, 4 longer analyses of 400-500 words. If you want to do a presentation or workshop, we will probably schedule this in the last class of the semester. For more ideas about what you might like to do, have a look at http://www.ucd.ie/teaching/resources/assessment/ Part 2. Research Essay Here are some suggested topics, but they are expressed quite generally and you are encouraged to develop your own question. Do please agree this with me in advance. 1. Are you convinced by Cohen s critique of Rawls? You may concentrate on one or more aspects of the argument. 2. Are there effective ways to motive people to work that do not require inequality? 3. Articulate one or two of the central issues egalitarians need to address in relation to love, care and solidarity, and use some of the published literature to formulate a response. 4. Should we recognise social groups? If so, is multiculturalism the best way to do so? 5. Articulate one or two of the central issues egalitarians need to address in relation to work, and use some of the published literature to formulate a response. 6. Assess either participatory democracy or basic income or socialism as a model for institutionalising egalitarian justice. It is perfectly reasonable to concentrate on three or four readings from the list. (One reading is definitely not enough.) Be critical: since the authors disagree, they can t all be right!

Political Theory of Equality, page 17 Organise your discussion as an argument, drawing on the authors when this helps to express or develop the argument rather than simply summarising their views in turn. You should aim to write 3,000-4,000 words (max. 4,000). I strongly recommend that you give me a draft of your essay well before the final due date (26 July 2013) so that I can arrange to discuss it with you and provide some feedback before your final submission. Presentation of Essays. Please read the following carefully! 1. Essays must be typed. 2. Quotations must be properly documented. Plagiarism will be penalised. 3. Please proof-read your essay carefully. Use spell-checking before you hand it in. 4. Please number your pages, preferably in the top right-hand corner. 5. I prefer essays to be stapled in the top left-hand corner, without covers. 6. Essays must include a bibliography which contains all of the works cited in the essay. 7. Please follow the School s other general instructions for submitting essays.

Some general advice on sources, structure, quotations, referencing, etc Political Theory of Equality, page 18 This is simply a list of points that commonly come up when I read people s work, so I thought it might be useful to share them. Say something about the general plan of your essay in your first or second paragraph. Long quotations should be uniformly indented from the left margin and have no quotation marks. Don t italicise quotations unless (a) they are italicised in the original (and if they are, say so in parentheses at the end), or (b) you want to emphasise something yourself (in which case, mention in parentheses at the end that it is your emphasis). You do not have to start quotations with an ellipsis ( ) where you are continuing a sentence: the use of lower case and the fact that the text preceding it is itself an incomplete sentence is enough to indicate that you have left out the beginning of the sentence you are quoting. Whenever you quote an author, ask yourself whether the quotation actually illustrates the point you are trying to make. It is easier to follow your paragraphing if you use indented paragraphs. If you prefer unindented paragraphs you need to put a blank line between them The usual convention is to italicise the titles of books and periodicals and to put the titles of articles in inverted commas. If you discuss topics A, B and C in that order, then the sentence or paragraph introducing that discussion should mention A, B and C in the same order. Use a consistent system for referencing, preferably the Harvard system as advised in essay-writing workshops. The rule for hyphenation is to put the hyphen at natural breaks in the word, at the end of syllables or between structurally distinct parts of the word, e.g. im- ration- dispossibility, al, tinct Criteria is plural; the singular is criterion. Phenomenon is singular, phenomena is plural.