The Rise of Dictatorships in Europe. Chapter 21 Section 1

The Rise of Dictatorships in Europe Chapter 21 Section 1

I. Introduction A. European nations had tough time recovering from WWI 1. Caused some to turn to dictatorships B. During 30 s, dictators gained power, countries did not challenge them C. The result was World War II

II. Depression Hits Europe Hard A. WWI left European nations with huge debts 1. Allies - $11 billion 2. Germany owed $33 billion B. Political disputes worsened economic crisis 1. Germany missed payment to France

II. Depression Hits Europe Hard B. Political dispute worsened economic crisis 1. Germany missed payment to France 2. France takes over Ruhr steel mills and coal mines 3. Germany told its workers to strike and that it would pay salaries 4. Germany prints money causing hyperinflation

Occupation of Rhur

Hyperinflation in Germany

C. Because Germany could not pay its debt to Allies, Allies could not pay U.S. D. Coolidge appointed Charles Dawes to find solution 1. America loans money to Germany that allows continued payment to allies and U.S.

E. Great Depression in U.S. spreads to Europe 1. Bankers want loans paid 2. Americans had no money to buy European goods 3. European banks and businesses fail 4. Europe s economic conditions mirrored the U.S. F. Some European countries loss confidence in democracy and establish dictatorships

III. The Rise of European Dictators A. People more concerned about their conditions than their form of gov. B. Countries without a long history of self government offer opportunity for dictators

C. Stalin in Russia 1. By 1921 communists in control of Russia becomes United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) 2. Communists eliminate opposition 3. No private ownership 4. After Lenin dies Stalin takes over a. Abolished political, religious and property rights b. Wanted to spread communism

Stalin

Ukrainian Starvation The great hunger At the height of the Ukrainian famine in 1933, an estimated 25,000 people died each day By the end of 1933, almost 25 per cent of the Ukrainian population is thought to have perished An estimated 80 per cent of Ukraine's population were small-scale farmers By mid-1932 almost 75 per cent of farms had been seized by the state to force Ukrainian peasants into the Soviet system of land management Grain exports were raised dramatically and agents were sent to villages to confiscate grain, bread and any other food they could find The Soviet Union exported 1.7million tonnes of grain to the West during the famine. Nearly a fifth of a tonne of grain was exported for each person who died of starvation Holodomor, the Ukrainian name for the famine, means murder by hunger Sources: ukrainiangenocide.com ; historyplace.com ; loc.gov

Ukrainian Starvation

Stalin s Cult of Personality

Stalin s Cult of Personality I write books. I am an author. All thanks to thee, O great educator, Stalin. I love a young woman with a renewed love and shall perpetuate myself in my children--all thanks to thee, great educator, Stalin. I shall be eternally happy and joyous, all thanks to thee, great educator, Stalin. Everything belongs to thee, chief of our great country. And when the woman I love presents me with a child the first word it shall utter will be : Stalin.

Stalin Quotes Ideas are more powerful than guns. We would not let our Enemies have guns, why should we let them have ideas Stalin

Stalin Quotes Death is the solution to all problems. No man, no problem Stalin

D. Fascism in Italy 1. Feared communism 2. Italy faced hard economic times 3. Benito Mussolini founded Italian Fascist Party promising peace and respect 4. 1922 Reduced power of parliament and eliminated all opposition 5. Takes control of press and police 6. Italy becomes totalitarian state

Benito Mussolini

E. Nazism in Germany 1. Hitler began rise to power 2. National Socialist Party (Nazi) gained popularity in 20 s 3. Blamed Germany s problems on Jews, communists and western democracies a. Believed Germans master race b. Jews, slavs and blacks sub-human c. Gained power as economy worsened 4. Hitler appointed chancellor in 1933

Adolf Hitler

Stab-in-the back

Nuremberg Rally

E. Nazism in Germany 5. Once in power Hitler eliminated all political opponents a. Began rebuilding military b. Started campaign against Jews i. Civil rights eliminated ii. humiliated iii. Sent to concentration camps

Kristallnacht (night of broken glass)

IV. German Expansion A. Hitler wanted to expand Germany B. Confident world would do nothing C. First part of expansion was to reunify German people in other countries 1. Took control of Rhineland in 1936 a. Taken from Germany after WWI 2. Annexed Austria in March 1938 3. Invaded Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia

Anschluss

3. Invaded Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia a. Region was home of German speaking people. Also site of important forts b. Czechs asked for help but democracies chose appeasement i. Munich Conference Sept. 1938 leaders of France and Britain give Sudetenland to Hitler. Neville Chamberlain Peace in our time c. 1939 Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia

Chamberlin at Munich

The Sudetenland

Invasion of Czechoslovakia

V. War Breaks Out A. Italy Annexed Albania B. Poland 1. August 1939 Germany and USSR sign Non-Aggression Pact i. Will not attack each other ii. Poland to be divided between them

B. Poland 2. September 1, 1939 Hitler attacks Poland a. Uses new strategy called blitzkrieg i. Attack swiftly and massively b. September 3, 1939 - France and Britain declare war, but do nothing called phony war c. Poland surrenders within a month

Invasion of Poland

C. War in France 1. Spring 1940 Germany invades Belgium, Luxembourg and Netherlands 2. Moved across France to sea 3. Moved north, trapped Allied soldiers at Dunkirk a. British Navy, Air Force, and citizens rescue 338,000 troops using every ship possible 4. June, 1940 France surrenders

Maginot line

Invasion of France

Dunkirk

Hitler in Paris

F. Battle of Britain 1. Britain only country left to face Axis 2. Fall 1940 Britain constantly bombed 3. Citizens slept in subways and children sent to country 4. Defiant in face of German attack 5. Churchill gave British hope finest hour 6. Hitler turns attention elsewhere

Battle of Britain

Winston Churchill An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile, hoping it will eat him last. Winston Churchill

Aggression in East Asia Chapter 21 Section 7

I. Introduction. A. The rise of dictators in Europe occurred the same time that militarism gained a hold in Japan in the 1930 s 1. Militarism is an aggressive policy put forth by the military or by people who follow the ideals of the military 2. In the 1920 s Japan had a brief period of democracy followed by the rise of a military dictatorship in the 1930 s

Emperor Hirohito

II. Japan Expands its Empire A. Japan had emperors for over 2,500 years 1. Military leaders often held power in the name of the Emperor 2. In the late 1800 s Japan became a constitutional monarchy in which democratically elected officials govern in the name of the monarch 3. In 1925 all males over 25 could vote

III. Japanese Militarism A. As Japan s economy worsened in the 1930 s, Japan s military leaders rejected democracy. 1. The military leaders were extreme nationalists 2. Wanted to expand the Japanese empire through force

Imperial General Headquarters

III. Japanese Militarism A. Japan was limited by its geography. 1. An island without much land or resources a. Could not feed its growing population b. Could not support growing industry 1. Shortages of oil, iron rubber, bauxite and tin

III. Japanese Militarism B. 1931 - Japan attacks Manchuria 1. Invasion was against the wishes of the Japanese government a. The prime minister disagreed i. Assassinated by military extremists 2. Japanese military takes control of government in 1932 a. Begin crash program of military expansion

Manchuria

Manchukuo

IV. Response to Japan A. Invasion of Manchuria violated laws of League of Nations and peace treaties 1. October 1932 League of Nations orders Japan to withdraw from Manchuria a. Japan ignores the League and leaves the League instead i. Within months has full control of Manchuria

IV. Response to Japan A. United States does little to stop Japan s expansion 1. Secretary of State Henry Stimson announces that U.S. will not recognize Japan s control of Manchuria. a. The Stimson Doctrin i. Hoover and FDR do not feel U.S. has the military power to oppose Japan

V. Civil War in China A. Nationalists vs. Communists 1. Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-Shek 2. Communists led by Mao Zedong 3. Fighting began in 1920 s and continued till 1949 when the Nationalist fled the mainland

Chaing Kai-Shek

Mao Zedong

V. Civil War in China B. At the time of the Japanese invasion the Nationalists had upper hand in civil war C. The Long March 1934 100,000 men, women, and children escape through Nationalist lines 1. When they safely reach the Chinese interior only 20,000 remained 2. Once safe from Nationalist attacks they begin to build up strength 3. Beginning of new phase in communist struggle

VI. China and Japan at War A. With China divided by war, Japan announces a new policy 1. The fundamental national policy to be established by the Empire is to secure the position of the Empire on the East Asian national debate a. Claim for diplomacy and debate was false b. Japan increased attacks on China in July of 1937.

VI. China and Japan at War A. With China divided by war, Japan announces a new policy b. Japan increased attacks on China in July of 1937. i. Japanese capture Beijing and Shanghai ii. Attacks on China increases sympathy for China iii. U.S. did not want to get involved sold arms to both sides

VII. Provoking the United States A. After Japanese capture Shanghai they move up the Yangtse River 1. In December 1937, Japanese planes observe American gunboat Panay guarding three oil tankers 2. Panay has two large American flags to identify it 3. Japanese sink Panay killing 2 sailors 4. Japanese pay $2 million and promise to protect U.S rights in China

U.S.S. Panay

VII. Provoking the United States D. Japanese economy exhausted 1. Japan begins looking the resource-rich European colonies of Southeast Asia 2. Japanese believe European s will not respond because of the war in Europe a. Japanese seek to establish an Empire known as the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere