1783: Treaty of Paris ended the American Revolution Despite the treaty, Britain: Continued to maintain frontier forts along the Great Lakes Continued their alliances with Native American tribes 1787: The Northwest Ordinance was passed by the Confederation Congress Despite the Ordinance, Native Americans: Refused to recognize U.S. claims to the new Northwest Territory
Native American tribes joined together to oppose the expansion of American settlers into the Northwest Territory Miami tribe under Little Turtle Shawnee tribe under Blue Jacket Oct 1790: Hamar s Defeat General Hamar led the newly formed First American Regiment to subdue the Native Americans Campaign featured a series of battles that were overwhelming victories for the Native Americans
Nov 1791: Battle of the Wabash General St. Clair led a more vigorous effort to subdue the Native American resistance Poor defense and limited training led to the Americans being annihilated by the Natives along the Wabash River Jun 1792: The Legion of the U.S. General Mad Anthony Wayne was chosen to organize, train, and prepared the new Legion of the United States for action
France versus Britain Feb 1793: Revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain Apr 1793: News of war between France and Great Britain reached Washington Washington called an emergency meeting of his cabinet They all agreed that neutrality was essential to preserve the Republic 22 Apr 1793: Washington publically announced the U.S. Proclamation of Neutrality
Debate over Neutrality Divided Key Cabinet Members The U.S. could declare its neutrality for a price by stalling and making countries bid for American neutrality Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson American neutrality was not negotiable and could not be bought at any price Eventually, Thomas Jefferson resigned Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
Outflanked and attacked by both cavalry and bayonet attacks, the Native warriors fled The defeated Indians eventually ceded large portions of land at the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 20 Apr 1794: Battle of Fallen Timbers General Mad Anthony Wayne led the new Legion of the United States against the Northern Indian Tribes Anticipating help from their British allies, Blue Jacket and Little Turtle prepared for battle
Jay s Treaty (Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation) Key Agreements: Named after the chief negotiator: John Jay Key American Issues: British still occupied Frontier Forts British Navy confiscated American ships British impressment of American sailors British alliances with Native Americans Reopening trade in the British West Indies British agreed to vacate frontiers forts by June 1796 British to pay compensation for confiscated American ships Britain & the U.S. to share Most Favored Nation Status (Trade) U.S. to guarantee British pre-revolutionary War merchant debts Treaty signed: 19 Nov 1794 Treaty Effective: 29 Feb 1796
Pinckney s Treaty (Treaty of Friendship, Limits, & Navigation) Key Agreements: Named after chief negotiator: Thomas Pinckney Spanish Concerns: Recent U.S./British alliance (Jay s Treaty) Confirming the border of Spanish Florida U.S. / Spanish Concerns: Maintaining peace with native southern tribes Established intentions of Friendship between Spain and the U.S. Defined the borders between the U.S. and Spanish colonies Guaranteed U.S. Navigation rights to the Mississippi River Reopened the port of New Orleans to American merchant ships Treaty signed: 27 Oct 1795 Treaty Effective: 3 Aug 1796