Race & Economic Segregation Milwaukee 4 County Region Presented by The Interfaith Conference of Greater Milwaukee and The Center for Learning Communities
Racial & Economic Segregation Washington County Waukesha County City of Milwaukee Milwaukee County
Racial & Economic Segregation Washington CountyAmong the Most Segregated Waukesha County Regions in the Nation City of Milwaukee Milwaukee County
Racial Segregation
Racial Segregation in the Region 85% + White 85%+ Black 85%+ Hispanic Source: Salon.com 10 Most Segregated Urban Areas in America
Racial Segregation in the Region Source: SEWRPC 2035 Regional Housing Plan
Percent of Minority Population 1970 2010 Source: SEWRPC 2035 Regional Housing Plan
Most Segregated in the Nation Source: The Persistence of Segregation in the Metropolis: New Findings from the 2010 Census https://s4.ad.brown.edu/projects/diversity/data/ Report/report2.pdf
Economic Segregation
Just The Numbers Region Population: 1.57 Million Region Low Income: 246,000 Region % Low Income: 15.6%
Population Breakdown: 1.57 Million 38% of Region s Population
% of Region Low Income Population 72% of Region s Low Income Population Source: US Census
4 County Region Economic Segregation % of Region Total Population % of Region Low Income Population City of Milwaukee MKE County (Less City) Washington County Ozaukee County Region Population: 1.57 Million Region Low Income: 246,000 Region % Low Income: 15.6% Waukesha County www.imua-grace.com
www.imua-grace.com
Median Household Income Earning $50,00 to $60,000/yr. Source: SEWRPC 2035 Regional Housing Plan
Economic Segregation in the Nation Source: City of Milwaukee Budget Office: Budget Hearing Presentation, August 16, 2016
Economic Segregation in the Nation Source: Institute for Policy Studies report: The Ever-Growing Gap, August 8, 2016
Economic Segregation in the Nation Source: Institute for Policy Studies report: The Ever-Growing Gap, August 8, 2016
Structural Causes of Segregation
Structural Causes of Segregation Racially Restrictive Deed Covenants Local & National Real Estate Housing Policies Black Migration to MKE Manufacturing Jobs Collapse of Manufacturing Jobs in Milwaukee Growth of Jobs in Suburban Communities
Racially Restricted Deed Covenants By the 1940 s at least sixteen of the eighteen Milwaukee County suburbs were using racially restrictive covenants to exclude black families from residential areas. (No such covenants found for Oak Creek or River Hills) Many of these covenants were still in effect in the late 1960s to mid 1970s Source: Metropolitan Integration Research Center - Racially Restrictive Covenants: The Making of All-White Suburbs in Milwaukee County
Racially Restricted Covenants
National Housing Policies In 1933, the Federal Housing Administration began a program to increase and segregate America's housing stock. These programs were tantamount to a "state-sponsored system of segregation." FHA would not insure mortgages anywhere African Americans lived or lived nearby. This was the start of the term Redlining Source: A 'Forgotten History' Of How The U.S. Government Segregated America NPR Interview of Richard Rothstein on Fresh Air May 3, 2017 The FHA Underwriting Manual Stated incompatible racial groups should not be permitted to live in the same communities."
National Housing Policies Just 2% of ALL FHA Loans went to Households of Color between 1934-1968 Source: The Institute for Policy Studies Report: The Ever-Growing Gap Aug 2016 While Minorities were being Redlined The FHA was subsidizing mass production of subdivisions for Whites
Restricted Zoning Large Land & Lot Size Requirements Inhibit Development of Affordable Housing Another Way to Restrict Racial/Economic Integration Source: SEWRPC 2035 Regional Housing Plan
African American Migration for Jobs
Wisconsin African American Population Growth African American Population Growth in Wisconsin by Selected Decade Decade 1910 < 3,000 1930 10,000 1940 12,200 1960 74,500 Source: Wisconsin Historical Society - Post-war African American Migration African American Population 46% Unemployed during the Depression compared to 13% White Unemployment 600% Increase between 1940 to 1960
90% of All African Americans in Wisconsin lived in Milwaukee, Racine, Kenosha, Beloit and Madison between 1940-1960 Drawn to Manufacturing Jobs newly available during WWII and after Good Paying Manufacturing Jobs brought many to middle income status and home ownership Culrural and structural discrimination limited where middle class African Americans could purchase homes Source: Wisconsin Historical Society - Post-war African American Migration
Collapse of Manufacturing Jobs
Collapse of Manufacturing Jobs Metro Milwaukee Industrial Jobs 1963-2009 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000-119,284 118,600 91,400 77,900 78,210 71,386 62,500 62,200 63,900 63,025 56,051 51,400 46,467 35,400 57,000 34,957 24,858 50,500 51,100 27,253 43,100 40,466 32,654 26,342 1963 1967 1977 1982 1987 1997 2002 2009 City MKE Sub MKE WOW Source: Perspectives on the Current State Of the Milwaukee Economy Report prepared for Wisconsin Voices by Marc V. Levine University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Center for Economic Development July 2013
Further Collapse of Manufacturing Jobs Source: Center for American Progress -The Midwestern Great Recession of 2001 and the Destruction of Good Jobs, June 2017 https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2017/06/07/429492/midwestern-great-recession-2001-destruction-good-jobs/
Service Jobs No Substitute Source: Center for American Progress -The Midwestern Great Recession of 2001 and the Destruction of Good Jobs, June 2017 https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2017/06/07/429492/midwestern-great-recession-2001-destruction-good-jobs/
Wage Growth Worst in the US Source: Center for American Progress -The Midwestern Great Recession of 2001 and the Destruction of Good Jobs, June 2017 https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/ 2017/06/07/429492/midwestern-great-recession-2001- destruction-good-jobs/
Collapse of Manufacturing Wages Midwest Source: Center for American Progress -The Midwestern Great Recession of 2001 and the Destruction of Good Jobs, June 2017 https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2017/06/07/429492/midwestern-great-recession-2001-destruction-good-jobs/
Collapse of Manufacturing Jobs Metro Milwaukee Employment Trends Males Age 25-54 - % Employed 94.5% 90.2% 84.8% 92.3% 90.4% 92.1% 74.9% 75.1% 64.9% 89.7% 89.6% 84.3% 70.6% 61.1% 56.8% 53.6% 85.7% 81.1% 1970 1980 1990 2000 2007 2011 Black White Hispanic Linear (Black) Source: Perspectives on the Current State Of the Milwaukee Economy Report prepared for Wisconsin Voices by Marc V. Levine University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Center for Economic Development July 2013
Suburban Job Growth
Collapse of Manufacturing Jobs 200% Metro Milwaukee Industrial Jobs Percent Change 1963-2009 150% 154% 100% 50% 0% -50% City MKE Sub MKE WOW -53% -77% -100% Source: Perspectives on the Current State Of the Milwaukee Economy Report prepared for Wisconsin Voices by Marc V. Levine University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Center for Economic Development July 2013
Collapse of Manufacturing Jobs Source: Perspectives on the Current State Of the Milwaukee Economy Report prepared for Wisconsin Voices by Marc V. Levine University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Center for Economic Development July 2013
Collapse of Manufacturing Jobs Source: Perspectives on the Current State Of the Milwaukee Economy Report prepared for Wisconsin Voices by Marc V. Levine University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Center for Economic Development July 2013
Job Housing Imbalance Communities with Jobs Available but Limited Affordable Housing to Support the Workers No Housing Imbalance Source: SEWRPC 2035 Regional Housing Plan
Regional Labor Pool
Commuting and Job Access Source: WI Dept of Workforce Development, Dan Barroilhet, Projections Economist dan.barroilhet@dwd.wisconsin.gov (608) 267-7314
MKE Jobs Support WOW Counties Washington County $1.6 Billion Ozaukee County $1.58 Billion Waukesha County $1.28 Billion Milwaukee County - $6.94 Billion Source: US Dept of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis Personal Income & Employment 2015, Table CA04
A Worker Shortage
Working Age Adults 2010 & 2040 Region Working Age Adults - 2010 Washington 9% Waukesha 25% Ozaukee 5% Milwaukee 61% By 2040 MKE Gains 10,745 Workers WOW Loses 2,000 Workers Region Working Age Adults - 2040 Waukesha 24% Washington 9% Milwaukee 62% Source: WI Taxpayer Alliance County Workforce Shifts 2010-2040 Ozaukee 5%
Regional Shifts in Aging Population Region Adults Age 65 and Older - 2010 Percent Increase in Older Adults 2010-2040 120% 113% Waukesha 28% Washington 9% Ozaukee 7% Milwaukee 56% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 62% MKE WOW MKE WOW WOW Counties Proportion of Older Adult Population 44% in 2010 51% in 2040 Region Adults Age 65 and Older - 2040 Waukesha 33% Milwaukee 49% Source: WI Taxpayer Alliance County Workforce Shifts 2010-2040 Washington 11% Ozaukee 7%
Economic Impact of Segregation
Source: Metropolitan Planning Council & the Urban Institute, March 2017
Chicago & Milwaukee Segregation Of The 100 Most Populous Regions Milwaukee Ranked: Both Ranked in Top 10 1 st Black-White Segregation 2nd Latino-White Segregation 35th Economic Segregation
Lost Income $ 8 Billion Amount Chicago s GDP would rise 2.5 Times Greater Than Average Annual Growth
Lost Lives Chicago s Homicide Rate Would Drop 30%
Lost Lives Milwaukee Had 141 Homicides in 2016 A 30% Decrease would save 42 Lives Source: Milw. Journal Sentinel
Lost Potential $1,078,446 Lifetime Earning Gap Between a person with a High School Diploma and a Four-Year College Degree $90 Billion Chicago Region Loss in Lifetime Earning Resulting From the Education Gap
Lost Opportunity 24% Estimated GDP Growth of America s 150 Largest Metro Region Economies by Closing the Racial Income Gap Source: Policy Link The Equity Solution, October 2014
The Cost of Segregation If Regional Segregation Mirrored The National Median What Would We Gain in Increased Income Saved Lives New Opportunities
National Groups Policy Suggestions
Some Suggestions to Address Regional Segregation Six Pillars to Address the New Urban Crisis Reform Zoning, Building Code & Tax Policies Invest in Infrastructure (such as rapid transit) to Spur Density and Limit Sprawl Build More Affordable Housing Across the Region Turn Low-Wage Service Jobs Into Family-Supporting Jobs Tackle Poverty by Investing in People & Places Empower Communities to Strengthen Their Own Local Economy Source: The New Urban Crisis by Richard Florida
Some Suggestions to Address Regional Segregation Source: The Brookings Institute Presentation Inclusive Economies in a Disruptive Age by Amy Liu
What is the Response from the Faith Community?
From a Faith Perspective Preferential Option for the Poor Christian, Jew, Muslim, Quaker, Sikh, and most other religions all teach a preferential option for the poor as a basic tenet of faith.
From a Faith Perspective From the Hebrew Bible Learn to do right. See that justice is done help those who are oppressed, give orphans their rights, and defend widows. (Isaiah 1:17) From the New Testament None of you should be looking out for your own interests, but for the interests of others. (1 Corinthians 10:24) From Sikh Holy Scriptures The poor and the rich are both brothers (neighbors). This is the Lord s immutable design. Sri Guru Granth Sahib, p. 1159 From the Quran O YOU who have attained to faith! Be ever steadfast in upholding equity, bearing witness to the truth for the sake of God, even though it be against your own selves or your parents and kinsfolk. Whether the person concerned be rich or poor, God's claim takes precedence over [the claims of] either of them. Do not, then, follow your own desires, lest you swerve from justice: for if you distort [the truth], behold, God is indeed aware of all that you do! (Surah An-Nisa 4:135)
For More Information Contact: Mike Soika Consultant with the Interfaith Conference of Greater Milwaukee Email: mikes@interfaithconference.org Cell Phone: 414.520.0912 Interfaith Conference of Greater Milwaukee 5409 W. Vliet Street Milwaukee, WI 53208 414.276.9050