Maps Pictorial representations of indices of elements that affect the survival, growth development of infants around the world. Maps 1. THE EARLY YEARS PAGE 68 2. WOMEN S STATUS = CHILDREN S STATUS PAGE 70 3. CHALLENGES PAGE 72 GENERAL NOTE ON MAPS PAGE 74 67
Top five child killers Causes of under-5 mortality Percentages 1998 Other 23% Malaria 7% Vaccine-preventable diseases 15% 20% Perinatal conditions 18% Respiratory infections 17% Diarrhoeal diseases Source: WHO, 1999. Most causes of death in children are easily prevented, yet almost 11 million children under five die each year. Over the last three decades, the world s population of children under 15 increased from about 1.4 billion to 1.8 billion. Produced for UNICEF by Myriad Editions Limited Copyright UNICEF, Improved breastfeeding practices reduction of artificial feeding could save an estimated 1.5 million children a year. Measles accounts for more than 7% of all deaths of children under five around the world, half of them among infants under the age of one. Adequate sanitation is crucial to reducing under-five mortality morbidity rates, yet 2.4 billion people lack access. Iodized salt is the best way to combat iodine deficiency disorders, the world s leading cause of preventable mental impairment. 41 62 84 Sub-Saharan Africa 21 32 35 Middle East North Africa 96 124 132 South Asia 153 133 127 East Asia Pacific Trends in child populations 0-3-year-olds by region (in millions), 1985, 36 43 44 1985 Source: UN Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 1998 revision. Latin America Caribbean 28 33 25 CEE / CIS Baltic States 47 42 39 Industrialized countries 68 The State of the World s Children 2001
The early years Immunization Percentage of 1-year-olds immunized against measles 90% over 80% 89% 50% 79% Less than 50% No data Artificial feeding Less than 30% of infants are exclusively breastfed for the first four months Access to sanitation Less than 70% of the population have access to adequate sanitation Use of iodized salt Less than 50% of households consume iodized salt This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu Kashmir agreed upon by India Pakistan. The final status of Jammu Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. Sources: Immunization access to sanitation: UNICEF/WHO; artificial feeding the use of idodized salt: UNICEF. Maps 69
74% 69% 71% 87% 84% 72% 80% Trends in women s literacy Female literacy rates, Source: UNESCO, Statistical Yearbook 1999. 55% World 19% 39% 52% Sub-Saharan Africa 37% 15% 49% Arab States Latin America the Caribbean Eastern Asia Oceania Southern Asia Nearly two thirds of the world s 876 million illiterate adults are women. 42% 17% 33% 41% Women s status children s status are inextricably linked. Women s literacy rates a proxy for their empowerment advancement are key to improving the health, nutrition education of families children. Malnourished girls often grow into undernourished mothers, in turn more likely to give birth to lowbirthweight infants. Produced for UNICEF by Myriad Editions Limited Copyright UNICEF, Approximately 15 million girls aged 15 19 give birth every year, accounting for more than 10% of all babies born worldwide. The risk of death from pregnancy-related causes is four times higher in this age group than for women older than 20. Skilled prenatal delivery care plays a major role in reducing maternal mortality morbidity. Violence against women is often equivalent to violence against children. Violence against women Percentage of adult women who have been physically assaulted by an intimate partner in any relationship 1991/1999 data Source: United Nations, The World s Women, excerpts from chart 6.3, page 154, citing WHO database on violence against women (as of March ). Australia 23 Canada 29 Colombia 19 Egypt 34 Moldova, Rep. of 14 Nicaragua 28 Philippines 5 Puerto Rico 48 South Africa 16 Switzerl 13 United States 22 70 The State of the World s Children 2001
Women s status = children s status Education of mothers Women s literacy rates 90% over 60% 89% 30% 59% Under 30% No data Attended births Fewer than 50% of births have a skilled attendant present Malnourished girls More than 25% of girls under 5 years old are underweight Sources: UNESCO; UNICEF. Angola 219 Dem. Rep. of Congo 217 Liberia 213 Somalia 213 Sierra Leone 202 Teen mothers Number of births per 1,000 women aged 15 19 1995 Source: UN Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 1998 revision. Azerbaijan 17 Cyprus 17 Highest Lowest Developing countries In many developing countries, more than one third of women give birth in their teens. Cambodia 14 China 5 Rep. of Korea 4 Dem. Peo. Rep. of Korea 2 New Zeal 34 United Kingdom 29 Icel 24 Canada 23 United States 59 Italy 7 Sweden 7 Japan 4 Highest Lowest Industrialized countries Netherls 4 Switzerl 4 This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu Kashmir agreed upon by India Pakistan. The final status of Jammu Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. Maps 71
Non-universal education Net primary school enrolment/attendance Regional percentages 1999 100% target 59% 51% 87% 79% 78% 64% 97% 96% 89% 90% 92% 90% male female male female male female male female male female male female Sub-Saharan South Asia Africa Middle East North Africa Sources: UNESCO; UNICEF. East Asia Pacific Latin America Caribbean CEE/CIS Baltic States Each day, countless numbers of children around the world are exposed to dangers that hamper their growth development. More than 20% of primary school aged children in developing countries are not in school. Produced for UNICEF by Myriad Editions Limited Copyright UNICEF, One third of all births are not registered these children are likely to be denied access to basic services miss out on health care education. Malnutrition among pregnant women is a major factor in the stunting of an estimated 177 million children. Approximately half of the 40 million people displaced by conflict or human rights violations are children. More than 10 million children under 15 have lost their mother or both parents to AIDS. AIDS orphans in Africa Percentage of children under 15 who lost their mother or both parents to AIDS end-1999 10% over 5% 9.9% 1% 4.9% Less than 1% No data Sources: UNAIDS; UNICEF. 72 The State of the World s Children 2001
Challenges School enrolment Proportion of children enrolled in or attending primary school 90% over 75% 89% 50% 74% Less than 50% No data Birth registration Fewer than 50% of children are registered Malnutrition 30% or more under-5-year-olds suffer from severe or moderate stunting Sources: UNESCO; UNICEF. Refugees internally displaced persons (in thouss) 1999 Palestinians 3931 Afghanistan 2560 Source: US Committee for Refugees, 31 December 1999. 4000 Sudan 1800 Colombia 1750 Angola Iraq 568 Sierra Leone 460 Somalia 425 Sudan 420 Yugoslavia 390 Angola 340 Croatia 340 Refugees Eritrea 320 900 Iraq 830 Bosnia Herzegovina 800 Burundi 800 Dem. Rep. of Congo 800 Russian Federation 750 Myanmar Internally 750 Turkey displaced persons This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu Kashmir agreed upon by India Pakistan. The final status of Jammu Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. Approximately half of these persons are children. Maps 73
General note on maps These maps illustrate a number of the many factors that shape a child s start in life. The selected indices capture some of the important elements that affect an infant s survival, growth development. The maps do not include many psychosocial elements crucial for early childhood development. These elements are difficult to measure the limited data that are available are not necessarily comparable across countries. Data sources for illustrations are given on each map. As many countries as space allows have been included. Some isl nations are surrounded by a box if an indicator may not otherwise be seen easily. When the data on these maps are correlated, they show that negative conditions do not occur in isolation but, instead, cluster together with the same children being affected by multiple simultaneous circumstances. These maps are graphic reminders of the effect of the absence or collapse of social service networks. However, the maps are ultimately positive as they also demonstrate the long-term benefits of social investment in the welfare of women children. 74 The State of the World s Children 2001