Fragile States and Insecure People?

Fragile States and Insecure People?

PALGRAVE STUDIES IN GOVERNANCE, SECURITY, AND DEVELOPMENT Series Editor: Dietrich Jung of the Danish Institute for International Studies This series contributes to the critical analysis of international affairs, linking the theoretical and the empirical, especially through comparative works. The focus is on three processes in international relations: governance involving both formal and informal institutions; security, meaning that of key actors in international society, with a focus on the distinctions and differences among security of and for individuals, groups, and states; and development, meaning the improvement of both political and economic conditions for individuals and groups. The links among the three will be a focus, which is pertinent given the interactions among them and among the levels of influence (from individual to global society). Also in the series: Aid Impact and Poverty Reduction Edited by Steen Folke and Henrik Nielson Democratization and Development: New Political Strategies for the Middle East Edited by Dietrich Jung Fragile States and Insecure People?: Violence, Security, and Statehood in the Twenty-First Century Edited by Louise Andersen, Bjørn Møller, and Finn Stepputat State Recognition and Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A New Dawn for Traditional Authorities? Edited by Lars Buur and Helene Maria Kyed

Fragile States and Insecure People? Violence, Security, and Statehood in the Twenty-First Century Edited by Louise Andersen, Bjørn Møller, and Finn Stepputat Danish Institute for International Studies

FRAGILE STATES AND INSECURE PEOPLE? Louise Andersen, Bjørn Møller, and Finn Stepputat, 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-53928-4 ISBN 978-0-230-60557-2 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9780230605572 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fragile states and insecure people? : violence, security, and statehood in the twenty-first century / edited by Louise Andersen, Bjørn Møller, Finn Stepputat. p. cm. (Governance, security, and development) 1. National security Developing countries Congresses. 2. Political violence Developing countries Congresses. 3. Developing countries Politics and government 21st century Congresses. 4. Developing countries Foreign relations Congresses. I. Andersen, Louise. II. Møller, Bjørn. III. Stepputat, Finn. IV. Dansk institut for internationale studier. UA10.5.F73 2007 355.03301724 dc22 2006052729 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: August 2007 10987654321

Contents List of Tables Preface vii ix Part I: State Fragility and Security 1. Introduction: Security Arrangements in Fragile States 3 Finn Stepputat, Louise Andersen, and Bjørn Møller 2. What to Do? The Dilemmas of International Engagement in Fragile States 21 Louise Andersen Part II: Security Beyond the State 3. The Organization of Violence: A Historical Overview 47 Martin van Creveld 4. Local Security Systems in Somali East Africa 67 Ken Menkhaus 5. Protectors and Predators: Why Is There a Difference among West African Militias? 99 William Reno 6. Nonstate Providers of Everyday Security in Fragile African States 123 Bruce Baker Part III: Reforming Security Forces 7. Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan: An Instrument of the State-Building Project 151 Mark Sedra 8. Integration of Former Enemies into National Armies in Fragile African States 177 Bjørn Møller and Gavin Cawthra

vi CONTENTS 9. Insecurity, State, and Impunity in Latin America 201 Finn Stepputat Part IV: Policy Implications 10. Conclusion: Toward a Multilayered Approach to Security 227 Eric Scheye and Louise Andersen About the Contributors 247 Index 251

List of Tables 2.1 Approaches to international engagement in failed states 27 6.1 African policing groups other than the state police 127 8.1 War endings 178 9.1 Homicide rates in low- and middle-income countries ca. 2000 203

This page intentionally left blank

Preface This volume grew out of a research project on security structures in weak and fragile states, which materialized thanks to funding from the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The project intended to explore the policy challenges of addressing security needs in areas where the formal state has no or very little presence. As the project progressed, its scope expanded into the equally tricky question of how to analyze and grasp security in areas where common normative models of state order are clearly inadequate. The project thus went beyond a technical discussion of how to formulate appropriate responses to security needs in fragile states and ventured into the theoretically and politically profound questions of how order and security are pursued under the particular circumstances which characterizes so-called fragile states. To explore these questions while keeping the initial focus on policy in mind the conference Fragile States and Insecure People? brought together the contributors at the Danish Institute for International Studies in June 2006. The conference allowed us to share thoughts and ideas on the theoretical, political, and practical challenges, and we quickly realized that the group of people, whom we had been fortunate enough to engage in the project, embodied a unique combination of theoretical and empirical perspectives on these issues. The conference papers deserved a larger audience and fortunately Palgrave agreed. We want to thank the contributors for responding enthusiastically to our invitation and for being willing to submit their articles at short notice. Thanks also to Ane Toubro and Kasper Hoffmann from the Danish Institute for International Studies for meticulously proofreading the manuscript. LOUISE ANDERSEN,BJØRN MØLLER, AND FINN STEPPUTAT