INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR HOST STATES Aspects of their Legal Relationship A. S. MULLER KLUWER LAW INTERNATIONAL THE HAGUE / LONDON / BOSTON
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xüi PART L CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONS AND DEFINITIONS INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction 3 2. General Scope of the Study: the Parties 3 2.1. The first limitation: international organizations 3 2.2. The second limitation: the entity, not the persons 8 2.3. Subsidiary organs of the organization 11 2.4. The State 12 2.5. Summarizing 14 3. Development of the Law 15 4. The Nature of the Relationship between International Organizations and their Host States 17 5. Conclusion 23 CHAPTER 2 HOST ARRANGEMENTS 1. Introduction 25 2. Host Agreements Constituent Treaties 28 3. Host Agreements and Multilateral Conventions 31 3.1. Introduction 31 3.2. The General Convention 33 3.3. The Specialized Agencies Convention 35 3.4. Other multilateral Conventions on Privileges and immunities 37 3.5. Conclusion 39
Vlll 4. Host agreements and Supplemental or Additional Agreements 40 4.1. Introduction 40 4.2. The United Nations 40 4.3. The Specialized Agencies 44 4.4. Other organizations 45 4.5. Conclusion 46 5. Host agreements and International Customary Law and Decisions of International Tribunals 47 5.1. International customary law 47 5.2. Decisions of international tribunals 51 5.3. Conclusion 54 6. Host Agreements, National Legislation and Decisions of National Tribunals 54 6.1. Introduction 54 6.2. Laws enacted in connection with the host agreement 55 6.3. The general law of the land 59 6.4. Decisions of national tribunals 60 6.5. Conclusion 62 7. A Hierarchy of Norms? 62 8. Concluding Observations 65 PART II: CHAPTER 3 LEGAL PERSONALITY LEGAL PERSONALITY OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1. Introduction 69 2. Legal Personality on the International Level 72 2.1. When does an international organization have international legal personality? 73 2.2. What consequences, if any, result from international legal personality? 82 2.3. Conclusion 86 3. National Legal Personality 88 3.1. Introduction 88 3.2. The capacities and their contents 93 3.2.1. The capacity to contract 93 3.2.2. The capacity to acquire and dispose of immovable and movable property 95 3.2.3. The capacity to institute legal proceedings 97 3.2.4. Concluding 98
3.3. Codification and application in practice 98 3.3.1. The United States 98 3.3.2. Switzerland 102 3.3.3. The United Kingdom 106 3.3.4. The Netherlands 111 3.4. Conclusion 116 4. General Conclusion 116 IX PART III: CHAPTER 4 THE SEAT, PRIVILEGES, AND IMMUNITIES THE SEAT OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1. Introduction 121 2. The Description of the Seat 122 2.1. The provisions used in host arrangements 122 2.2. The provisions on the seat in their practical setting 124 3. Laws applying to the Seat 129 3.1. The myth 129 3.2. Provisions in host arrangements 131 3.3. The right of the organization to issue regulations 134 3.4. Conclusion 138 4.. Owner, Tenant or other User? 138 5. Supply of Public Services and other Amenities 142 6. Conclusion 145 CHAPTER 5 IMMUNITY FROM LEGAL PROCESS 1. Introduction 149 2. International Immunity and Functional Necessity 151 3. Immunity From Legal Process in Host Arrangements 155 4. Waiver of Immunity 162 5. Jurisdictional Immunity in Practice 171 6. Settlement of Private Law Disputes 176 7. Conclusion 182
CHAPTER 6 INVIOLABILITY OF PREMISES, ASSETS AND ARCHIVES OF THE ORGANIZATION 1. Introduction 185 2. Inviolability of Premises, Assets and Grounds of the Organization 186 2.1. What is inviolable? 186 2.2. No entry wkhout permission 189 2.3. Emergency and national security situations 190 2.4. Protection of the seat by the host State 194 2.5. Interference through legal and quasi-legal means 198 3. Inviolability of the Archives 202 4. Conclusion 207 CHAPTER 7 FREEDOM OF COMMUNICATION 1. Introduction 211 2. Scope of the Privilege 213 3. Abstention and Protection 216 4. Extent of the Official Communications and Publications 217 5. Means of Communication 220 5.1. The diplomatic bag 220 5.2. Radio, post, railway and airport 224 6. Priority treatment for Communications 227 7. Conclusion 230 CHAPTER 8 FISCAL, CUSTOMS, AND FINANCIAL IMMUNITIES 1. Introduction 233 2. Fiscal Immunities: Contents 236 2.1. Introduction 236 2.2. Direct taxes 240 2.2.1. Direct taxes and public Utility Services 241 2.2.2. Direct taxes and social security contributions 244 2.2.3. Indirect direct taxes 246 2.3. Indirect taxes 247 3. Exemptions from Customs Duties and All Export and Import Restrictions 251
XI 4. Freedom to Hold, Transfer, and Convert Funds, Gold and Currency 256 5. Conclusion 261 PART IV: CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION FINAL CONCLUSION 1. The Starting Point: Host Arrangements 265 2. The Substantive Provisions 267 2.1. Legal personality 267 2.2. The seat 269 2.3. Jurisdictional immunity 271 2.4. Inviolability 272 2.5. Communications 273 2.6. Fiscal, customs, and financial immunities 274 2.7. Miscellaneous: the settlement of disputes 275 3. The Host Arrangement and its Contents: Underlying Concepts and Principles 281 4. An Outlook to the Future 285 BlBLIOGRAPHY 289 INDEX 303