Democratic Development in England Feudalism, Growth of Royal Power, Limited Monarchy I. What is feudalism? A. Definition of Feudalism 1. Feudalism: a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local divided their landholdings among lesser lords who in turn pledged loyalty to the greater lord. 2. In other words Relationships between groups and people were based on a balance system, a sort of 'you do this for, and I'll do this for _' approach. B. Who was involved? 1. Nobles a. Gave: b. Received: 2. Vassals/knights 3. Peasants a. Gave: b. Received: a. Gave: b. Received: C. What words best describe feudalism? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. D. How did the king fit in? 1. Royal authority was restricted by and the. 2. Monarchs tried to keep their kingdoms but held little. II. William the Conqueror = Increased. A. 1066 A.D.- The Battle of. 1. William, the duke of Normandy, [in France] invaded England and defeated the Anglo-Saxons 2. William becomes King of.
B. Why is this important? 1. This marks an _ to feudalism. Nobles have to share more power with the king. 2. This marks the to centralized government in England. III. King Henry II: System A. Developed a royal justice system instead of the feudal justice system B. Sent out royal _ to enforce royal. C. English Law 1. What is it? a. A legal system based on and court rulings b. Based on _ 2. Where did it apply? a. Common to all of England b. laws and punishments 3. How is it different than law? a. It evolved over time based on _ rather than being made by lawmakers at one time. D. and IV. Magna Carta 1. Local become involved in trials a. Juries to decide which cases to try i. Ancestor of the jury b. Juries to decide guilt vs. innocence i. Ancestor of the jury A. Laid out the legal rights of the nobles, the church, and all English. B. The power of the king must be. C. New _ required approval of the Great of nobles and clergy D. : Protection from arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, and other legal actions E. Why is it important? 1. It became the basis for the idea that all citizens have. 2. Forced the monarch to obey the law a. Rule of became a key part of democratic tradition.
I. An Age of THE ENLIGHTENMENT, PART 1 A. The Enlightenment was an era that stressed 1. : rules discoverable by reason B. Old ideas about were replaced by new ways of thinking. II. What happened before the Enlightenment? A. The Scientific Revolution 1. In the mid-1500s, scientists began to and based on experimentation 2. Start of the 3. Famous scientists: Copernicus, Galileo, Bacon, Descartes, B. How did the Scientific Revolution influence the Enlightenment? 1. Natural laws apply to science as well as 2. Goal: use the scientific method to and solve TWO ENGLISH PHILOSOPHERS: LOCKE VS. HOBBES I. Thomas Hobbes A. Hobbes was an Philosopher. B. His work has influenced all of C. The 1. Hobbes began by looking at human nature. 2. The state of nature is what Hobbes believes
II. John Locke D. Hobbes on human nature 1. Hobbes believed in two basic rules of human nature. a. People are b. All people are E. _ in the state of human nature 1. Hobbes believed that without _ people would have. 2. This means that people would have a right to do. F. The war of 1. Hobbes believed that the was the that could be. 2. He believed this because of the high probability of. G. The H. Leviathan 1. In order to get, Hobbes said people would set aside their. I. The sovereign 2. Essentially, people to kill for the right to not be killed. 1. Hobbes wrote a book explaining how the 2. It is regarded as the foundation of _ 1. Hobbes believed that was required in order to enforce the social contract. 2. As long as the sovereign is, you owe him _. A., had a huge impact on the enlightenment.
B. Took Hobbes s ideas and. C. Godfather of the D. Locke s state of nature 1. Locke took a more than Hobbes did. 2. He believed that ordinary people were _ of governing themselves justly, despite sometimes being selfish. E. Locke s natural rights 1. Locke believed people are born _, and have just because _. a. b. c. F. Locke s social contract 1. Locke believed that people would form a in order to. 2. For Locke, the only reason governments should exist is to of the people. G. Right to revolution 1. Locke was aware that over time even _. 2. If the government fails to protect our rights, we can. The Enlightenment, Part 2 The Glorious Revolution of England Applying the Theories of and _
I. Setting A. Who is the king? 1. King II A. What year does it occur? 1. 1688- A. What has happened in England in the past 50 years? 1. Gradually increased power of II. Causes- what was wrong with King James II? A. James II believed in. 1. He suspended laws at whim. B. James II was a, and Parliament was mostly Protestant. 1. James wife gives birth to a son, meaning they were in danger of having another Catholic king. III. Effects- a Bloodless Revolution A. Parliament invites James daughter and her husband of Orange to rule instead of James II. B. James II flees to _when William and Mary arrive. IV. The English Bill of Rights A. Before they can be crowned, William and Mary of Orange have to sign this important document from Parliament. B. What s in it? 1. The of Parliament over the monarchy a. Parliament must be summoned regularly b. Parliament has power of the purse c. Parliament can have without the king s approval (freedom of speech) d. The king needs Parliament s permission to raise taxes or increase the army 2. Rights of English citizens a. Trial by b. No excessive fines c. No cruel and unusual d. : you must be charged with a crime to be kept in prison V. What type of government does England change to? A. monarchy (or limited monarchy)
1. Definition: the powers of the ruler are limited by the constitution and the laws of the country 2. Parliament and the monarchy are partners in ruling VI. Overall Effects of the Glorious Revolution & Bill of Rights A. English subjects were guaranteed 1. Rule of 2. Parliamentary government 3. Individual 4. A constitutional monarchy A. Completed a process that started with the VII. What would Locke and Hobbes think? A. Who would Hobbes support? 1. _- we need an absolute ruler! B. Who would Locke support? 1. - we must always rebel against a government that does not protect natural rights! The Enlightenment, Part 3 I. The French Enlightenment A. Hobbes and Locke both spent a great deal of time in. B. Soon, France had its own crop of enlightenment thinkers called. C. Ideals of the philosophes 1. _ 2. Nature 3. 4. Progress 5. D. Voltaire 1. Wrote books attacking _, superstition, and the
2. Exiled to 3. Advocate of E. Rousseau 1. Defender of 2. Believed in _ 3. Believed man was naturally, but _ by society. F. Baron de Montesquieu 1. He believed that the government should be divided into 2. This would prevent any one branch from II. A Woman s Voice-Wollstonecraft A. Many philosophes limited _ B. 1792: A Vindication of the C. She emphasized The Enlightenment, Part 4 I. The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas A. Enlightenment ideas spread quickly all over B. People began to question rule and a strict system C. How did ideas spread? 1. : informal social gatherings 2. Literature a. Cleverly avoided censorship b. The takes shape D. Impact on Art and Music
1. Move from the grand style to the more simple style II. Enlightened a. Art: light, elegant, and charming b. Music: available to the middle class i. Bach, Handel, Hayden, A. Absolute rulers who embraced Enlightenment ideas B. Used their power to bring political and change C. Frederick the Great 1. King of 2. First of the state 3. Supported 4. Reduced torture, press, and religious D. Catherine the Great E. Joseph II 1. Empress of 2. Believed in ideals of liberty and equality 3. Abolished torture, established religious tolerance, and criticized 1. Son of Maria Theresa 2. Disguised himself as a to learn about their lives 3. Religious tolerance, free press, support for the poor, abolishment of serfdom
ROAD TO REVOLUTION I. 1765 - Parliament levies taxes on to help pay for the French and Indian War A. The Stamp Act 1. All material required to have a tax stamp. 2. The first time such a direct tax had been imposed on. 3. In British law, only a citizen s could raise taxes II. without representation A. Constitutional Argument Against Taxation 1. American colonists didn t have representatives in 2. Only their governments can fairly tax them 3. Ben, Sam make No taxation without representation a common chant III. Stamp arrive but resistance is strong A. Mob 1. Stamp collectors were intimidated 2. Their houses were burned 3. Mobs burned and beheaded life-sized of stamp collectors IV. The British repeal the Stamp Act and Parliament passes duties A. Acts 1. Created taxes on a wide variety of imports:, paper, paint,, and tea 2. Would raise this way instead of tax V. Colonists British goods and break law by smuggling foreign goods A. Boycotts and Non- 1. Americans responded by to buy British goods. 2. Homespun cloth, and preference for American made goods 3. Got goods from other nations VI. British troops arrive in America to help enforce tax laws and catch offenders A. Military Coercion 1. Britain opened a commission on 2. Thousands of British regular troops were sent to occupy. VII. Men and boys throw and at British VIII. Boston 1. Confrontation in Boston between soldiers and mob. 2. Troops fire into crowd killing. 3. Event becomes the centerpiece of patriot agitation and. IX. Angry colonists join the of
A. The of 1. Secret organization of American. 2. Organized and violence 3. Women helped in the of Liberty by sewing homemade goods X. Parliament gives the British East India Company a monopoly on that helps lower the price A. Tea Act- 1. Britain grants India company a monopoly on Tea. 2. Made British tea for Americans, despite Townshend tax 3. Perceived as an effort to break the and colonists. XI. Colonists as throw 342 chests of tea in Boston Harbor A. Boston Tea - 1773 1. Governor of Massachusetts determined to land tea 2. Prepared to use troops to secure the unloading of tea. 3. Sons of Liberty sneak on board the ship and destroy a in tea. XII. Parliament removes Boston s self-government by passing the Acts A. Coercive/Intolerable Acts- 1774 1. Port Bill: harbor until tea was paid for 2. Government Act: rescinded Mass. Charter, bans 3. Quartering Act 4. Justice Act : to be moved to. XIII. The colonists unite to aid the people of Massachusetts A. Continental - 1774 1. Meeting of 12 colonies of the Intolerable Acts 2. Open defiance of British 3. Broad (not total) popular support from a majority of Americans XIV. General Thomas sends British troops from and A. The First Shots 1. General Gage was ordered to regain control of. 2. British soldiers tried to seize a store of in Concord. 3. They were met by colonial forces at - the shot heard round the world XV. Americans kill British soldiers on their march back to Boston and begin to gather on hills around the city XVI. XV. General Gage sends his men to capture (Breed s) Hill A. Painful 1. While British the battle, they lose 1/3 of their forces There is no ignoring it: the War for is on
WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE: WINNING A REVOLUTION WINNING THE WAR A. Colonists Split 1. Loyalists Loyal to and Country. 15-20% of colonial population 2. Patriots committed to the idea of colonial independence. B. British Strategy / Colonial Strategy 1. Separate colonies a) Three pronged attack i. Isolate and control New ii. iii. Occupy and separate north and south. Isolate the south and preventing aid reaching the north. b) Extremely successful 1. Washington s army had suffered many defeats throughout the year. a) Continental army forced out of New York and chased through New Jersey into Pennsylvania. 2. The Continentals feared they had lost 3. Washington launched a sneak attack across the river to capture 1500 Hessian troops. 4. Huge boost to colonial. C. Saratoga 1. General Burgoyne of England marched his force from Canada. 2. The plan was to rendezvous with English troops from NYC 3. Troops never arrive 4. The Continental army receives word and surrounds his army at. 5. Burgoyne Surrenders a) Huge victory for Colonists i. Morale boost ii. D. Valley Forge Convinces to support Colonies
1. Continental Army forced to spend the winter in the Pennsylvania wilderness during the winter of 1777-1778. 2. Starvation, disease, malnutrition, and exposure killed roughly soldiers. E. Continental Army 1. Led by George Washington 2. While at Valley Forge a. Trained with military experts Marquis de i. Fought alongside colonials and lobbied for more French support Baron Friedrich Wilhelm Von b. John Paul Jones i. Essentially gave Washington an army that could fight and win. Led a daring attack against England.. that really didn t do anything. c. Nathanial Greene F. Yorktown (1781) Excellent at hit and run tactics against General Cornwallis Began as a militia, ended as a major 1. stations his troops at Yorktown 2. French navy blockades Chesapeake bay 3. Continental army surrounds British army by land G. END OF WAR 1. Cornwallis Surrender OCT 18, 1781 2. 1783 Treaty of a. US officially b. Boundaries for land established 3. Egalitarianism a. Spirit of and equality MAIN CONCEPT QUESTION: WHAT WAS THE MOST INFLUENTIAL CAUSE OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION?
_ With the United States winning its freedom, how do we see elements from our first unit (road to democracy: Greece, Rome, Judeo-Christian values) connect with our second unit (Enlightenment and revolution)? _ Our book states that the United States was, a symbol of freedom, to many different countries around the world at the time. Do you agree? Do you feel that still holds true today? _
The U.S. Bill of Rights What is the U.S. Bill of Rights? A. The first ten to the United States 1. Amendments: changes or 2. Required by many states in order to Constitution B. Put the ideas of the philosophers into practice First Amendment Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. I. First Amendment A. Freedom of 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Second Amendment A well regulated, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear, shall not be infringed. II. Second Amendment A. Right to bear arms Third Amendment No Soldier shall, in time of peace be in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. III. Third Amendment A. Prohibits quartering of troops in private 1. Reaction to Quartering Act Fourth Amendment The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable and, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. IV. Fourth Amendment A. Protects from searches and seizures Fifth Amendment
No person shall be held to answer for any capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. V. Fifth Amendment A. No without the due of Sixth Amendment In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a and trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district where in the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense. VI. Sixth Amendment A. Right to a speedy and public trial in the where the offense was committed Seventh Amendment In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed, the right of trial by shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. VII. Seventh Amendment A. Right to jury trial for cases if over $20 Eighth Amendment bail shall not be required, nor excessive imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. VIII. Eighth Amendment A. Prohibits excessive bail and and unusual Ninth Amendment The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to or others retained by the people. IX. Ninth Amendment A. Civil rights are not to those specified by their Tenth Amendment The powers not to the United States by the Constitution, nor by it to the states, are reserved to the respectively, or to the people. X. Tenth Amendment A. Powers not granted to the national government belong to the state and to its.