Election of 1920 Chapter 23 Modern Times Republicans Warren Harding promised normalcy Democrats James Cox / FDR referendum on League of Nations Socialists Eugene Debs Results of Election Harding easily won 7 million votes / 404-127 Electoral women voted Debs 920,000 votes! League was doomed Republicans in Power Harding Old Guard shortcomings cabinet troublemakers Progressive setbacks laissez-faire 4 S. Court justices appointed Regulations relaxed 1919 steel strike broken 1920 RR s: private control 1922 RR Labor Board wages cut 12% War Veterans American Legion - 1919 Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. 1924 bill - vets bonus payment (1944) Veterans Bureau 1921 1
Foreign Affairs July 1921 peace treaties signed unofficial observers to League of Nations Middle East Oil Washington Conference - (1921-22) Kellogg-Briand Pact - 1928 Tariff Fordney-McCumber Tariff 1922 President given power Tariff backfired Scandals Charles Forbes Veterans Bureau 1923: $200 million Teapot Dome Scandal 1921 Sec. of Interior Albert Fall $300,000 bribes scandal leaked to public - 1923 Attorney Gen. Harry Daugherty 1924 illegal sale of pardons, liquor permits Harding s Death August 2, 1923 speaking tour San Francisco most disgrace since Grant Calvin Coolidge Father administered oath of office hands off industry policy worked to undo Harding s wrongs 2
Farmers Troubles WW I prices soared postwar overproduction increased debt McNary-Haugen Bill - never passed gov t to buy surplus special tax on farmers Election of 1924 Republicans Coolidge Democrats John Davis party split over issues Progressives Robert LaFollette AFL, Socialists, farmers Coolidge WON! Welfare Capitalism Businesses provided for workers health insurance old-age pensions less need for unions Economic Boom government policies advances in technology advertising electricity buying on credit DEBT! Duryea s First Automobile Automobile Industry Frank & Charles Duryea Ransom Olds, Henry Ford Detroit motor capital of US 3
Henry Ford s Quadricycle Model T Model T Henry Ford assembly line paid workers $5/day cars cost $260 in 1920s Effects of Auto Industry Jobs auto-related industries new industries road construction Railroads affected Americans lives improved consolidation of schools suburban growth Problems with automobiles accidents deaths less family time crime waves Airplanes Wright Brothers Dec. 17, 1903 WW I not significant transcontinental air mail Charles Lindbergh May 1927 travel 4
Radio World War I 1920 KDKA radio Presidential returns Broadcasting local, then long-distance NBC national networks commercials Impact on Americans drew families together Significance of radio programming Amos n Andy sports politics music Journalism mass circulation magazines Saturday Evening Post Ladies Home Journal Good Housekeeping circulation over 2.5 million Early films Film Industry The Great Train Robbery The Birth of a Nation nickelodeons World War I anti-german propaganda Video Clip The Jazz Singer 1927 talkies color introduced Movie Stars more money and popularity than the nation s political leaders! Jazz New Orleans blacks improvisation Musicians Jelly Roll Morton Louis Satchmo Armstrong Duke Ellington Bessie Smith 5
Sports Baseball Babe Ruth Satchel Paige black pitcher Boxing Jack Dempsey Golf Bobby Jones Nativism Immigration Emergency Quota Act 1921 National Origins Act Immigration Act 1924 ended unrestricted immigration Ku Klux Klan Revived Col. William Simmons New targets national influence declined in late 1920s Evolution Debate Fundamentalism teaching evolution banned in schools Scopes Monkey Trial Dayton, TN 1925 Clarence Darrow, Wm. Jennings Bryan radio Prohibition 18 th Amendment 1919 Enforcement difficult Volstead Act Avoiding the law speakeasies smuggling home brews some successes Organized Crime bootlegging rival gangs Chicago worst crime Al Capone made millions $ 11 years in jail tax evasion other gang activities 6
Literature The Lost Generation Fitzgerald Hemingway Lewis Faulkner Poets & Playwrights T.S. Eliot Robert Frost Ezra Pound Eugene O Neill Architecture Frank Lloyd Wright Fallingwater Empire State Building 1931 102 stories Black Culture Harlem cultural center Harlem Renaissance Marcus Garvey Herbert Hoover Republicans Election of 1928 Platform prosperity and prohibition Self-made millionaire 7
Alfred Smith Democrats Platform / problems supported alcohol appeared too urban Roman Catholic Radio used as campaign tool Smith not successful Mudslinging vote for Smith a vote for the Pope Hoover as President Results of election Hoover easily won over 6 million votes 444-87 Electoral 1 st Republican to win southern states Agricultural Marketing Act 1929 Fed. Farm Board Hawley-Smoot Tariff 1930 nearly 60% economic panic Stock Market Crash Concerns about market stock prices grew Fed. Reserve took $ out of circulation Oct. 29, 1929 Black Tuesday foreign investors sold US investors panicked 16.4 million shares sold Impact of Crash $40 billion lost on paper suicide unemployment 1933 12 million banks failed 5500 by 1933 homelessness breadlines, soup kitchens 8
Causes of Great Depression overproduction uneven distribution of wealth buying on credit European problems Hoover and the Depression handouts were not the answer people could help themselves Feds needed to help help banks, corporations trickle down Hoover unsuccessful prevented more serious collapse set stage for New Deal people mocked Hoover Public Works projects - $2.25 billion Hoover Dam Reconstruction Finance Corp. (RFC) $500 million Bonus Army summer 1932 20,000 WW I vets and families wanted pension early Congress refused Riots begin people refused to leave Douglas MacArthur called in used unnecessary force Hoover lost popularity / support 9
Democrats Election of 1932 FDR criticized Hoover s policies promised a New Deal speeches written by Brains Trust Hoover Republicans praised Hoover s attempts reaffirmed faith in free enterprise Results of Election FDR won by 7 million votes 472-59 Electoral blacks voted for Democrat Inaugural address the only thing we have to fear. 10