Ethnic Minority Development Plan November 2011 People s Republic of China: Hunan Flood Management Sector Project (Shimen County Subproject) Prepared by the Hunan Provincial Government for the Asian Development Bank.
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 1 November 2011) Currency unit Yuan (CNY) CNY1.00 = $0.1572 $1.00 = CNY6.3595 (i) NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. This ethnic minority development plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
Shimen County Urban Flood Control Subproject ETHNIC MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1
Table of Contents I.INTRODUCTION 4 II.BACKGROUND 5 A. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 5 B. ETHNIC MINORITIES IN HUNAN.ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. C. LEGAL FRAMEWORK.7 1. POLICY, PLANS AND PROGRAM...ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 2. ADB POLICY ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN PROJECT AREAS (PA)....8 III. ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE PROJECT AREA.ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. A. METHODOLOGY.ERR OR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. B. MINORITY POPULATION IN FOUR RIVER BASINS.ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. C. ETHNIC MINORITIES IN PROJECT COUNTIES.10 D. ETHINIC MINORITIES IN SHIMEN COUNTY.12 E. ETHNIC MINORITIES IN PROJECT PROTECTED AREAS (PPA).13 F. ETHNIC GROUPS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION..17 1.TUJIA 17 2 OTHER MINORITIES..18 G. SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MINORITY COMMUNITIES 18 H. ON GOING MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS...21 IV. PROJECT IMPACTS ON MINORITIES...23 A. PAST FLOOD IMPACT...23 B. PROJECT BENEFITS FOR DIFFERENT BENEFICIARIES..25 2
C. POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF RESETTLEMENT 29 D. EXPECTATIONS AND CONCERNS 35 V. ACTION PLAN..46 A. SPECIFIC MEASURES/ ACTIVITIES.46 1.MITIGATION MEASURES..46 2. ENHANCEMENT MEASURES...47 3. PROJECT BENEFIT MEASURES..48 B. BUDGET AND FINANCING SOURCES..49 C. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT.49 D. MONITORING AND EVALUATION (M & E)...49 3
I. INTRODUCTION This Ethnic Minorities Development Plan (EMDP) is prepared to ensure equitable sharing of the project benefits and mitigation measures by the concerned minority communities and individuals in the project area of the Shimen Flood Control Subproject, which is part of Hunan Provincial Flood Management Project in Hunan Province, People s Republic of China (PRC). The EMDP for Shimen Subproject is based on the PPTA s Resettlement Plan, the Social and Poverty Assessment, and consultation with ethnic minority groups, local county governments and their respective line agencies. A summary of distribution and socioeconomic characteristics of ethnic minorities in the project areas four river basins, and 35 subprojects will be the context for such assessment. Based on review of social and poverty conditions of ethnic minorities in both Shimen County and the project protected areas, adequate provisions to enhance the economic conditions of minority groups have been integrated in project design. Provisions for special mitigation measures have been included in the resettlement plan, which will help ensure that ethnic minorities adversely affected by resettlement will also benefit from the project. Current government policies and programs for ethnic minorities further help to protect and enhance project benefits to ethnic minority groups. This plan targets the Tujia nationality in the project area, which account for about 56% of the total population in Shimen County and 99.7% of the total minority population. 4
II. BACKGROUND A. Project Description The proposed Shimen Flood Control Subproject is one of the 35 subprojects under Hunan Flood Management Project. The subproject is located in urban areas of Shimen County, northwestern Hunan Province. The flood control protection circle include Dongcheng district and Baofeng district, covering Chujiang town, Baofeng district and Erdu township. Shimen urban area is located in the southeastern part of Shimen County, which connects Linli County, Changde city to the east, Taoyuan county to the south, Cili county and Sangzhi county, of Zhangjiajie city to the west, and Wufeng county of Hubei Province to the north. The urban area of Shimen County is 67.5km 2. The length from east to west is 12km and the width from south to north, 7km. Mainly, the river system which is passing through the Shimen County seat district is Lishui River. Lishui River is one of the four largest river systems in Dongting Lake. Its main stream is on the north of Nancha of Shimen County, which is divided into three sources of north, middle and south, and takes the north source as the dominant one. The north source is coming from Shanmujie of Shimen County and finally flowing into West Dongting Lake. Its river basin area is 18583km2,and the length of river is 390km. Shimen County seat is located on the downstream of Lishui main stream, whose above river basin catchment area is 15133km 2. There currently are two large scale water conservancy engineerings of Jiangya and Yutan on the upper stream of Shimen. At the same time, Zaoshi Reservoir is on progress. The surface relief of Dongcheng District and Baofeng District in Shimen County seat district is relatively low and the complete protection circle has currently not been formed, resulting in bad flood control capacity. The status quo current population of Shimen County seat district is 0.1316 million (including floating population) and the built seat district area is 5.2km 2. Based on the overall planning of Shimen County (Revised), the population scale of Shimen County in the near future (2010) is 0.16 million, and the city construction land using scale is 16.8km 2. And, the population scale of Shimen County city in the far future (2020) is 0.25 million, and the city construction land using scale is 25km 2. The flood control planning scope is consistent with the overall planning of Shimen County city, whose scope is the built city district and planning development city district. For the north bank of Lishui, it is from Dingjiaping to Shengjiaxi, via Yanjiaba; for the south bank of Lishui, it is from Xinjiekou to Shimen Bridge of Lishui. According to topography, river system and city development planning, the protection area can be approximately divided into three protection circles, i.e., the Dongcheng and Baofeng Protection Circles, and the built old seat district protection circle (which will be combined with the new part). The total area of flood control protection circle is 28.5km2. There are two main targets for Shimen County subprojects, i.e., the first one is to protect Shimen County seat district from the threatening of flood, and the second one is to enhance the flood management of Lishui River Basin. The latter is the important components of integrated flood control management system in Hunan Province. The main contents of Shimen County subproject includes: (i)to newly build earth dyke of 7.63km,among them, the Dongcheng District Protection Circle of 1.90km,and Baofeng District Protection Circle of 5.73km. 5
(ii)to heighten and thicken the dyke of 9.41km,among them, the earth dyke of 7.8km,and flood wall of 1.61km. (iii)the dyke bank prevention and protection of 14.8km,and riprap protection of banket 0.4km. (iv)to newly build 9 culverts. (v)to newly build 1 pump station with 3 sets of 555kw. (vi)to newly build 1 flood divert channel with the length of 3.97km. (vii)to treat 2 water discharging channel with the total length of 3.77km. (viii)to construct flood control commanding system and dispose necessary management measures. According to the preliminary design, the total investment for Shimen subproject is CNY 115.82 million, out of which, 33 percent would be financed by ADB loan. B. Ethnic Minorities in Hunan There are as many as 55 ethnic minority groups 1 in Hunan making up a population of 8.33 million or 12.2% of Hunan s total population. There is one autonomous prefecture of ethnic minority in Hunan, which administrates 8 counties, 7 minority autonomous counties with more than 50% of the populating as minorities and 2 unofficial minority counties enjoying minority county benefits. Besides these minority counties, there are 100 ethnic minority townships in 34 counties. In Hunan, there are 8 minorities with a population over 10,000, they are Tujia, Miao, Dong, Yao, Bai, Hui (Muslims), Zhuang and Mongolia. These eight groups make up over 99.3% of the total minority population of Hunan. Most of them are located in the western Hunan (i.e., the Xiangxi Prefecture, Huaihua and Zhangjiajie municipalities), and the minorities in the western Hunan account for 75% of Hunan s total minority population. Table 2-1 presents the details based on the 5 th national census. Tab 2-1: Minority People in Hunan Province (2007) Items Ethnic group Population % of minority % of total population groups Main group Han 59,723,105 87.8 Tujia 3,536,976 42.4 Miao 2,401,869 28.8 Dong 1,027,390 12.3 Yao 951,161 11.4 Minority groups Bai 175,836 2.1 Hui 126,578 1.5 Zhuang 33,925 0.4 Mongol 23,804 0.3 Other 56,364 0.7 1 In other words, all the 56 ethnic groups within China (55 ethnic minority groups and Han) are represented in Hunan. 6
Subtotal 8,333,902 100 12.2 Total 68,057,007 Source: Fifth Consensus data, Hunan Statistical Year Book 2008. C. Legal Framework 1. Policy, Plans and Program After 1949 the PRC Government adopted a policy of ethnic equality, in which all groups are legally and constitutionally equal. Given the inferior social and economic conditions of most minorities, the government adopted a policy of positive discrimination in favor of the minority nationalities (minzu) to help them "catch up" with the mainstream population. To implement this policy, the Government first clarified, enumerated and mapped the identity of ethnic groups. PRC post-1949 policy defines nationalities (minzu) in very precise terms, based on, inter alia, shared language, territory, economic base, and traditions/culture. Under this definition, the Han constitute the dominant nationality in the PRC. Some minority nationalities (e.g. Hui and Man) have become assimilated into the Han language and cultural traditions - but are still recognized as minority nationalities. Since 1949 there has been a tendency for smaller ethnic groups to fuse and merge in the definition of officially recognized minority nationalities. The 1954 Constitution specified mechanisms for exercising autonomy in minority areas. The 1974 Constitution reduced the financial autonomy, and other powers, of these areas. Some of these powers were restored in the 1978 Constitution and further extended by the State Council (1980) and the National Law of 1984. Since the early 1980s governments of autonomous areas have been able to decide on economic policy, including what to produce, some latitude in allocating government subsidies, and within set guidelines, education and budgeting. In 1982 the formulation of the one child per family directive by the State Council advocated more flexible approaches to planned parenthood amongst the minority nationalities. Minority areas have special access to relief funds, loans, subsidies and tax relief, including a lower tax on grain, to assist in economic development. Minority people also benefit from points score system which places them in a higher rank than the main stream Han for university admissions. For the 8 provinces where minorities are concentrated (Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai provinces and the five minority autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Guangxi, Ningxia and Tibet) government subsidies in the past have been substantial. 2. ADB Policy on Indigenous People in Project Area (PA) The Asian Development Bank (ADB) notes that the social indicators, economic status and quality of life of minority peoples are often below those of the mainstream population. While fully recognizing the sovereignty of the borrowing country, ADB accepts that it has a responsibility for ensuring (i) equality of opportunity for national minorities and (ii) that its operations and assistance to developing member countries do not negatively affect the cultural identity, welfare and interests of national minorities. Where ADB-assisted projects will potentially cause adverse affects on national minorities, ADB requires the borrowing country (or project initiator of private sector) to prepare an Minorities Population and Development Plan (MPDP) acceptable to ADB. 7
A MPDP should describe the socio-economic characteristics of minorities affected by the project, identify significant project impacts, both positive and adverse which affect them, and should consider modifying or redesigning the project to minimize adverse effects and/or include an acceptable compensation plan. The MPDP also provides procedures for project implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of how to handle minority affairs. The ADB s Policy on Indigenous Peoples (1999, Manila) sets out the criteria for determining whether or not an MPDP should be prepared. The key criteria are: indigenous peoples should be regarded as those with a social or cultural identity distinct from the dominant or mainstream society, which makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the processes of development. (p.6, op cit); the Initial Social Assessment determines that indigenous peoples are likely to be affected significantly...or that indigenous peoples are disadvantaged or vulnerable to an intervention because of their social and cultural identity, an MPDP must be developed. (p.18, op cit); An EMDP should be prepared if a project affects indigenous peoples adversely and significantly (p. 19, op cit). 8
III. ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE PROJECT AREA A. Methodology In order to understand the basic social and economic profiles of the affected people and identify the impacts to be brought by the Project, a social and poverty assessment was carried out by the PPTA consultant with the assistance of Shimen Subproject PMO, which included collecting secondary data, and conducting interviews among different stakeholders. The focus group discussions and sample household survey, together with consultation of local government agencies provided much of the quantitative and qualitative materials that were used to prepare this report, which include stakeholder analysis, needs and concerns among women and ethnic minorities, and poverty profile for affected communities and individuals. It has also been used as the basis for identifying the potential project benefits and impacts, assessing their significance, and formulating complementary measures to enhance positive benefits and mitigate negative impacts. A total of 14 sample households and 75 persons were surveyed from 3 residential committees or villages and 6 key groups in PPA. Among these sample households, 6 of them or 42.8 percent were ethnic minorities. In addition, about 6 gender separated focus group discussions were conducted, followed with stakeholder interviews and key informant interviews among officials from relevant county agencies. Only the data on ethnic minority were used to prepare this EMDP. B. Ethnic Minority in Four River Basins In order to have a basic understanding on distribution and profile of ethnic minorities in the project areas, a great deal of ethnic minority data was collected for the four river basins and the project areas for the Project. For the four river basins, Table 3-1 presents the distribution of different ethnic minority groups. In comparison with the Hunan average, the share of minority population in the four river basins is much higher, indicating relatively high concentration of ethnic minorities. Of the total population in the four basins, there were 6.79 million ethnic minority people, accounting for 13.3%. Among them, Tujia, Miao, and Dong are the main ethnic groups, accounting for 11%, 8% and 4% respectively. Majority of minority people are concentrated in the two western river basins, with ethnic minorities accounting for 52% in Yuanjiang and 64% in Lishui. About 85% of the total minority population in Hunan Province is located within these two river basins. In terms of distribution of different minority groups, Tujia nationalities mainly reside in Xiangxi Prefecture, Zhangjiajie and Changde Municipalities. There were 2.53 million of Tujia nationalities in these three municipalities, accounting for 90.4% of the total Tujia people in Hunan Province. Miao nationalities are mainly living in Xiangxi Prefecture, Huaihua and Shaoyang Municipalities, with 1.95 million people and account for 95.4% of total Miao people in Hunan. Dong nationalities are mainly in Huaihua Municipality, with 834,720 persons or 94% of total Dong nationalities in Hunan. Yao nationalities are concentrated in Yongzhou City the south end of Hunan, with 531,320 persons or 71.8% of the total Yao people in Hunan. Bai nationalities are mainly located in Zhangjiajie City with 109,076 persons or 81.4% of total Bai people in Hunan Province. 2 2 Almost of all Bai nationalities are located in Cili County - one of the project counties under the Project. 9
Most of the minorities are concentrated in the mountainous regions in the north, west, and south of Hunan, bordering with neighboring provinces. Table III-1: Ethnic Minority Population in the Four River Basins (2007) (1,000 persons) Items Xiangjiang Zishui Yuanjiang Lishui Total Hunan Total Population 31,262.09 10,416.04 8,340.88 2,604.71 52,623.72 68,057.00 Han 30,356.50 10,294.04 3,982.39 950.04 45,582.97 59,723.10 Minority Total 905.59 122.00 4,358.49 1,654.67 7,040.75 8,333.90 % 2.90% 1.17% 52.25% 63.53% 13.38% 12.25% Tujia 39.76 2.24 1,256.90 1,489.14 2,788.05 3,537.00 Percent of Total 0.13% 0.02% 15.07% 57.17% 5.30% 5.20% Miao 28.47 17.29 1979.30 26.46 2,051.52 2,401.87 Percent of Total 0.09% 0.17% 23.73% 1.02% 3.90% 3.53% Dong 8.64 6.24 969.47 0.54 984.89 1027.39 Percent of Total 0.03% 0.06% 11.62% 0.02% 1.87% 1.51% Yao 720.26 44.98 102.56 0.36 868.16 951.16 Percent of Total 2.30% 0.43% 1.23% 0.01% 1.65% 1.40% Bai 2.23 0.13 26.07 134.16 162.59 175.84 Percent of Total 0.01% 0.00% 0.31% 5.15% 0.31% 0.26% Hui 10.66 45.76 17.24 2.60 76.26 126.58 Percent of Total 0.03% 0.44% 0.21% 0.10% 0.14% 0.19% Zhuang 29.2 1.0 1.9 0.4 32.5 33.93 Percent of Total 0.09% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.06% 0.05% Others 66.38 4.39 5.00 0.98 76.75 80.17 Percent of Total 0.21% 0.04% 0.06% 0.04% 0.15% 0.12% Source: Hunan Provincial Ethnic Commission. C. Ethnic Minorities in Project Counties The proposed 35 subprojects under the Project will involve 46 counties or districts, which are defined as Project Areas (PA). Table 3-2 presents the distribution of ethnic minorities in the project areas, which shows similar distribution patterns across the four river basins. Among 46 project counties, there was 3.15 million of ethnic minority population, accounting for 12.3% of the total population in the project counties. Among them, there were 1.54 million Tujia nationalities, accounting for 49% of the total minorities, 0.57 million of Yao nationalities, accounting for 18%, 0.46 million of Miao nationalities, accounting for 15%, 0.24 million of Dong nationalities, accounting for 8%, and 0.11 million of Bai nationalities, accounting for 3%. In terms of distribution of the ethnic minorities, 40% of them came from Lishui, 36% from Yuanjiang, 22% from Xiangjiang, and only 2% from Zishui. 10
Table III-1: Ethnic Minority Population in the Project Areas of the Four River Basins (2007) (1,000) Items Xiangjiang Zishui Yuanjiang Lishui Total Hunan Total Population 14,260.51 6,417.93 3,234.54 1,849.22 25,762.19 68,057.00 Han 13,551.88 6,365.04 2,106.48 583.13 22,606.53 59,723.10 Total Minorities 708.63 52.79 1,128.06 1,266.09 3,155.66 8,333.90 Percent of Total 4.97% 0.82% 34.88% 68.47% 12.25% 12.25% Tujia 10.58 1.23 392.72 1,131.86 1,536.39 3,537.00 Percent of Total 0.07% 0.02% 12.14% 61.21% 5.96% 5.20% Yao 493.68 7.50 70.86 0.10 572.14 2,401.87 Percent of Total 3.46% 0.12% 2.19% 0.01% 2.22% 3.53% Miao 9.45 9.86 422.30 22.80 464.41 1,027.39 Percent of Total 0.07% 0.15% 13.06% 1.23% 1.80% 1.51% Dong 3.70 2.98 229.74 0.31 236.72 951.16 Percent of Total 0.03% 0.05% 7.10% 0.02% 0.92% 1.40% Bai 0.72 0.10 1.44 108.25 110.40 175.84 Percent of Total 0.01% 0.00% 0.04% 5.85% 0.43% 0.26% Hui 3.49 26.80 5.96 1.23 37.59 126.58 Percent of Total 0.02% 0.42% 0.18% 0.07% 0.15% 0.19% Zhuang 18.28 0.41 0.51 0.21 19.31 33.93 Percent of Total 0.13% 0.01% 0.02% 0.01% 0.07% 0.05% Others 168.84 4.01 4.52 1.54 178.80 80.17 Percent of Total 1.18% 0.06% 0.14% 0.08% 0.69% 0.12% Source: Hunan Provincial Ethnic Commission. Most of the minority people are located in three types of minority counties. The first type is official recognized ethnic minority autonomous counties. There are 5 such counties in the project areas, accounting for one third of them in Hunan. They are Jianghua, Shimen, Fenghuang, Baojing and Xinhuang Counties. The second type is non ethnic minority county but enjoying the same status and benefits of the minority counties. Sangzhi County is such county, accounting 50% of that in Hunan. The third type is non minority counties, but with more than 50% of the total population being ethnic minorities. Unlike the second type, they do not have minority county status and are not entitled to the benefits for minority counties. In the project areas, there are three such counties, accounting 43% in Hunan. They are Jiangyong, Shimen and Shimen Counties. Of these 9 counties, 2 are from Xiangjiang, 3 from Lishui, and 4 from Yuanjiang. Its total population is 3.59 million, with 2.57 million being ethnic minorities, which accounts for 72%. The total minority population from these 9 counties accounts for 82% of the total minority population in the project areas (3.15million). Of the total population, urban population was 0.91 million, accounting for 25.2%, which is only 74% of the project area average. The rural population was 2.68 million, accounting for 74.8%, which was more than 11.5 points higher than the average of 46 project counties. In other words, these minority concentrated counties have much lower urbanization level than the provincial average. There are 3.69 million mu of farmland in these 9 counties, 11
averaging 1.03 mu per person, which is similar as the provincial average. But the overall economic development is relatively low compared with the project area average or Hunan Province. For example, the per capita GDP in these 9 counties was only CNY 9,420 in 2007, which was only 65% of the provincial average and 74% of the PA. The rural per capita income was CNY 3,240, which is only 75% of the project area average and 70% of the provincial average. Along with income disparity, considerable difference also exists in education levels, and employment structure between Han dominated regions and minority dominated regions. For example, illiterate rate was 6.8% among the minority regions in Hunan, which was 25 points higher than that of Han dominated regions; and percent of the minorities with high school or above education was 14.1%, which was 2.24 points lower than that of Han nationalities. Since most these minority counties are located in the high mountains with poor access, considerable poverty exists in these counties. Of these 9 minority counties, 8 are national or provincial poverty counties. There are 990 poverty villages and 0.62 million rural poor, accounting for 22% of the total rural population in the 9 counties, of which the extremely poor account for 23%. D. Ethnic Minorities in Shimen County Shimen County is located in the northwestern part of Hunan Province. It has 3,973 km 2 of land area with average density being 174 persons per km 2. Most of the area made of mountains and rivers with only 11% as farmland (43,890 ha), averaging 0.95 mu per person, lower than the provincial average. Based on the statistical data of2007, there were 235,600 households and 688,200 people with 48% being female and 52% as male. Of the total population, 152,300 persons are living in urban area, accounting for 22.13%. There are 16 ethnic minorities in Shimen and most of them are Tujia nationality. All three ethnic minorities are native people, who have been living there for over 1000 years. The total ethnic minority population in Shimen was 389,800 persons in 2007, accounting for 56.64% of the total population. 3 Among them, Tujia nationality accounts for 99.7%. Shimen County is one of the provincial poverty counties in Hunan Province. Its overall economic development is still lagging behind. In 2007, per capita GDP in Shimen was only CNY 10,556, which was about 85% of the provincial average (Table 3-4). The income per capita for rural area was CNY 3108, which is 86.6% of that of Hunan Provincial average. Due to poor natural condition and harsh climate, considerable poverty exists in Shimen. Of the total rural 535,900 persons, 81,700 are rural poor (below CNY 1196), accounting for 15.2%. Among them, 8700 persons are extremely poor with per capita income below CNY 627. Majority of rural poor are concentrated in 60 key poverty villages, which account for 7.4% of total villages in the county (809 villages). Among them, only 42% have road access, 60% have power access, and 85% have post service, which are significantly lower than the provincial average. In addition, urban poverty is becoming an increasing issue in Shimen. If using local official urban poverty line of CNY120 per person per month, there are 9,532 persons in 2880 households under the urban poverty line, accounting 6.3% of the total urban population in Shimen. 3 The minority population figure collected in the survey is slightly lower than the data set provided by Hunan Ethnic Affairs Commission. 12
Table III-3: Comparison of Economic Condition between Shimen and Hunan Average (2007) Social and Economic Indicators Shimen Hunan Percent Total GDP (CNY billion) 6.93 561.23 0.85% Per Capita GDP (CNY) 11583 9117 85% Per capita farmland (mu) (1 h a = 15 mu) 0.87 0.85 112% Per capita income in rural area (CNY) 3458 2837.76 86.6% Per capita income in urban area (CNY) 11422 9190.21 91% Source: Hunan Provincial Statistical Yearbook 2007 and field survey. E. Ethnic Minorities in Project Protected Areas (PPA) Project protection area (PPA) refers to the submerged region under the situation of without projects. Based on the current designed flood control standard, it will be protected after the project is built. For the convenience of calculation, the determination of PPA will be done based on the risk analysis map and the discussion with local officers of relevant township (town and agency). The scope of protection area will be calculated by the total village or total inhabitants committee which is within the scope of the protection area, including this kind of situation, i.e., if only a part of village or inhabitants committee is within the scope of protection area, it will be calculated by the total village or inhabitants committee. The area of directly protected region of Shimen County city flood control subproject is 28.5km2, which is divided into three protection circles of Old City Area, Dongcheng Area and Baofeng Area, of which, what are included into this project are two protection circles of Dongcheng Area and Baofeng Area. The protection area involves 11 (villages) residential committees of Chujiang Town, which occupies 34.8% of total amounts of (village) residential Committees over the total area. For the details, see Table 3-1. Chujiang Town is one of 25 towns in Shimen County. Chujiang Town includes 26 (village) residential Committees and it is the town which takes the city as dominant factor and also has the features of village. In 2007, altogether, there are 34786 households and 84802 people, which are respectively taking up 15% and 12.3% of Shimen County. Among them, 33.3% is ethnic minority and Tujia is occupying 99.4%. The difference of basic economic condition between the rural region and urban region in Chujiang Town is very large. In the rural region of Chujiang Town, altogether, there are 9158 households and 24899 persons. And, the village inhabitants population is approximately occupying 29.4%, and per capita farmland is 0.61 mu. In the urban region, altogether, there are 25628 households and 59903 persons. And, the city inhabitants population is approximately occupying 70.6%. This project protection area will cover the most city district of Chujiang Town and there are 11 (villages) Residential Committees to be included. In PPA, altogether, there are 5924 households and 18788 people, which occupies 22.2% of total Chujiang Town population (to see tab 3-4). Because most city population are living in the Old City Area and the Old City Area has not been listed into this project owing to its city flood control circle being built, the city total population of this project only occupies 12.6% of total town. Table III-4: Basic Economic Conditions of ChujiangTown 13
Chujiang Town Villages Total Households Total Population Total Rural Residents Urban Residents Total Farmland Per capita Farmland Rural Area 18 7571 20595 17783 2812 10018 0.56 Urban Area 8 27215 64207 7116 57091 5084 0.71 Total 26 34786 84802 24899 59903 15102 0.61 PPA 11 5924 18788 11258 7530 8467 0.75 Percent 42.3% 17% 22.2% 45.2% 12.6% 56.1% Source: Shimen 2008 Statistical Yearbook and field survey. Of the total population, 22.2% are from 11 residential committees. The male and female ratio is 48: 52. 7530 persons or 40% are urban residents. Of total population, there were 6247 ethnic minorities, accounting for 33.2%. Table 3-7 provides detailed information among 11 residential committees within PPA. For the remaining 60% of rural population, the average farmland is only 0.75 mu. Most of them are used to grow vegetables and other cash crops. The continuous urban expansion and farmland acquisition around the county town is the main cause for such change. The gross domestic production value was CNY 1125 million in 2007, and the per capita is CNY 34267, which is a little bit higher than the total province average of CNY5612 and one time than the county average. The per capita net income in the rural area in Chujiang Town was CNY 2819, which is 35.6% lower than the total province average. The per capita income of the urban residents was CNY9455.32 and the city employee in urban population is CNY 16072, which is 37% higher than the total province average level. As the county seat town of Shimen County, the relevant second and third industry have been developed in Chujiang Town. In Chujiang Town, there are 6052 enterprises in different scale, including 1 enterprise which is directly managed by central government, 2 enterprises which are managed by provincial government, 2 enterprises which is managed by Changde City, 2540 village and township enterprises, 153 private running enterprises and 3354 individual industry and commercial personnel. The industry enterprises in Chujiang Town involves power, chemical industry, mechanical and building materials, the clothing industry and food industry, etc. Of which, there are 36 industry enterprises whose yearly production value is more than CNY 5 million. The total industry production value of Chujiang Town in 2004 is CNY 0.334 billion, among which, the state owned and collective owned enterprises occupies 90%. Although it belongs to the towns of Shimen County city district, its farming production still plays the very important roles. The total cultivated land in Chujiang Town is 15102 mu, of which, 40.8% is paddy field. Calculating it by agricultural population of 24899 people, the per capita cultivated land is 0.61 mu (which is only 46% of the total province average level). The agricultural production value of Chujiang Town in 2004 is 0.109 billion RMB yuan. Its main agricultural products include grains, rapeseeds, flue-cured tobacco and oranges etc. Its main livestock products are cattle, pig, sheep and chicken, etc. For the details, see Tab 3-5. Table 3-5: Basic Economic Condition for Chujiang Town (2007) Economic Index Project Area Hunan Province Total value of GDP (RMB 0.1 billion yuan) 11.25 5612.26 Per capita GDP (RMB yuan) 34267 9117 14
Agriculture increased value (RMB 0.1 billion yuan) 0.90 1155.85 Agriculture increased value % 9.88% 20.6% Industry increased value (RMB 0.1 billion yuan) 8.09 2214.41 Industry increased value % 22.74% 39.4% Third industry increased value (RMB 1 billion yuan) 2.26 2242.00 Third industry increased value % 18.22% 40% Yearly economic growth rate (%) 20.69 12 Per capital cultivated land (mu) 0.17 1.33 Per capita yearly income of village population (RMB yuan) 2819 3135.08 Per capita yearly income of urban inhabitants (RMB yuan) 9455.32 9190.2 Source: Shimen County and Hunan Province 2005 Statistics Yearbook Table 3-6: Demographic Profile of Residential Committees in PPA (1) (2007) Residential Committees (Villages) Total Household Total Population Male Population Female Population Rural Population Urban Population Percent of Urban Population Yanjiaba 580 1644 850 794 1644 100% Xinchang 425 1218 713 505 857 361 29.6% Yonggu 645 1875 970 905 1465 410 21.9% Liujiaping 350 1749 909 840 1749 0% Tiangong 435 1368 678 690 1286 82 6% Yueliang 336 1030 544 486 847 183 17.8% Caoshi 494 1669 852 817 1518 151 9% Chenshi 665 2053 1088 965 2033 20 1% Huangni 392 1374 668 706 983 391 28.5% Zhongdu 803 2410 1152 1258 2410 100% Baota 799 2398 1248 1150 520 1878 78.3% Total 5924 18788 9672 9116 11258 7530 40.1% Note: For county institutions and enterprises, no household figure is available. Source: Shimen PMO. 15
Table 3-6: Demographic Profile of Residential Committees in PPA (2) (2007) Residential Committees (villages) Total Farmland (mu) Per Capita Farmland (mu) Total rural Labor Male Labor Female Labor Minority Population Percent of Minority Yanjiaba 0 0 424 25.8% Xinchang 161 0.13 530 357 173 303 24.9% Yonggu 608 0.32 975 515 460 429 22.9% Liujiaping 1744 1.00 979 527 452 367 21% Tiangong 706 0.52 772 408 364 358 26.2% Yueliang 445 0.43 521 275 246 412 40% Caoshi 1297 0.78 918 485 433 483 28.9% Chenshi 2174 1.06 1211 629 582 514 25% Huangni 707 0.51 608 291 317 391 28.5% Zhongdu 0 0 671 27.8% Baota 625 0.26 390 217 173 1895 79% Total 8467 0.45 6904 3704 3200 6247 33.2% Note: For county institutions and enterprises, no household figure is available. Source: Shimen PMO. In the project protected area, among total beneficiaries, 6247 persons are ethnic minorities, accounting for 33.2%. Minority people of Baota residential committee exceed 50%. The dominant minority groups are Tujia, which makes up 99.4% of the total minority populations in the PPA. These minority persons are entitled with the same rights to education and employment as Han people and have not obvious difference in their economic conditions and income levels. Table 3-7 provides composition of ethnic background among communities in PPA. During the field assessments, a number of participatory assessment sessions, consultations, discussions and interviews were held with the minority population in the PA. These included staff of project PMO, county minority affairs bureau, poverty alleviation office, urban and rural residents, poorest of the poor, entrepreneurs, traders and sellers in the selected communities. Because of the frequent floods and serious impacts, during consultation, the different stakeholders all expressed their strong support toward the project. All of them marked the flood control project as the first priority followed with more income generation opportunities, better local road within the community, better access to credit, better education conditions and lowering education fee, and better health care service. 16
Table III-7: Ethnic Profile in the Project Protected Areas for Shimen Subproject Residential Committees/ Villages Total Population Han Population of Ethnic Minorities Ethnic Minorities Tujia Yao Mongolian Yanjiaba 1644 1220 424 424 0 0 Xinchang 1218 916 303 303 0 0 Yonggu 1875 1446 429 429 0 0 Liujiaping 1749 1382 367 367 0 0 Tiangong 1368 1010 358 358 0 0 Yueliang 1030 618 412 412 0 0 Caoshi 1669 1186 483 483 0 0 Chenshi 2053 1593 514 514 0 0 Huangni 1374 983 391 391 0 0 Zhongdu 2410 1739 671 671 0 0 Baota 2398 503 1895 1895 0 0 Total 18788 12541 6247 6247 0 0 Percent 100.0 66.8 33.2 Source: Shimen Subproject PMO and field survey. F. Ethnic Groups and Their Distribution 1. Tujia The Tujia people live predominantly in (i) western and northwestern Hunan 4 ; (ii) southwestern Hubei 5 ; (iii) eastern Chongqing. In the project area the Tujia is the largest minority group making up 99.7% of the total minority population in Shimen. This ethnic minority group was highly assimilated to Han in many aspects. Distinctions between the Tuija and Han are considered to be very slight although in more remote areas there is a greater maintenance of Tuija cultural and social identity than in most of the more readily accessible townships. The Tujia people in western Hunan have resided since the year 910 or so. The origin of Tujia people has been associated with one of the following three versions: (i) they are descendants of the ancient Ba people; (ii) they moved to western Hunan from Guizhou Province; and (iii) they moved from Jiangxi Province towards the end of the Tang Dynasty (618-907). Most of local legends, as discovered during the PPTA field surveys, support the third origin. The Tuija cannot be readily identified as an indigenous group in the context that they descended from population groups in the area before the imperial Chinese state was created. 4 Mainly in the Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture and the Zhangjiajie Municipality 5 Mainly in the Ensi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. 17
Tujia nationality has itself language and most of them can speak Chinese. Currently, only do few compact communities keep Tujia Language. It has no itself characters and Chinese Language is common in Tujia nationality. It worships ancestors and believe multi gods. 2. Other Minorities Over 10 other ethnic minorities, including Yao, Mongolian, Miao and Uigur, are present in PA. These minorities account for less than 0.6% of the total minority population and they are mostly individual households who are settled in urban centers. None of these minorities are native to the project area. G. Socioeconomic Characteristics of Minority Communities For the Shimen County, because each township and village are dominated by minorities in population, the whole socioeconomic features in these communities present a minority characteristic. However, within PPA, the ethnic minority only makes up 33.2%, so the whole socioeconomic feature has no difference comparing with other cities. There are some specific characteristics relevant to Tujia minorities: Although Tujia people have their own languages, most of the Tujia people can speak fluent mandarin Chinese, especially the younger generation and those living in towns. Only a few remote compact communities still remain the Tujia language, but they can also understand and speak mandarin Chinese.. Among these ethnic minorities, there are wide spread practice of inter-marriages between the Tujia and Han. For example, among sample households, one third of them are mixed families. These ethnic groups have been living in harmony for many years. They share similar believes in various kinds of nature gods. Therefore, the identities of ethnic background are quite weak among them. People could only identify their ethnic background through their surnames instead of distinctive language and living style. According to the interview with officials from the county poverty alleviation office and ethnic affairs bureau, Both Tujia and Han have similar economic activities (agriculture and livestock) and demonstrate similar levels of income and economic development. In other words, the level of economic development in different communities is more attributed to different natural environment and infrastructural conditions (such as high elevation, poor access, limited irrigation, and poor soil condition) than the difference of ethnic background, since majority of population are ethnic minorities. The results of sample household survey in the project protected area also confirmed such fact. Table 3-8 presents the socioeconomic characteristics of the sample households in the PPA and the rural sample households in the county. As one can tell, there is no significant difference in terms of income and social economic conditions between Han families and minority families in the project protected area. In fact, the income per capita and education levels among the minority households seem to be higher than that of the Hans. The Han families seem to have larger housing space, more farmland and higher non-farm incomes than that of minority families. On the other hand, the difference between the sample households in PPA and the county average is much greater, which is reflected in most aspects, such as education, income level, living condition, and non-farm income activities. 18
Category Table III-8: Socioeconomic Characteristics of Minorities and Han in PPA Indicator Unit Han (8 sample HHs) 1 Minorities (6 sample HHs) 1 Rural Average In Shimen County * General Average HH Size Persons 2.5 3.7 2.97 Per capita annual income CNY 2475 2560 2458.89 Adult Illiteracy 9% 2% 13.2% Primary school graduate % 38.2% 48% 51.7% Education Middle school graduate 31.2% 25% 28.6% High school graduate 15.6% 25% 6.5% Above high school 6% 0% 0.0% Cultivated land per person Mu 0.36 0.33 0.84 Agriculture Grain Production per Person Kg 179 164 418 Housing spaces per personj M 2 49.85 48.74 21.7 Agricultural Inputs per person CNY 1136 1475 2746 Agriculture 2 (19.3%) 6 (22.5%) 66720 (49.8)% Income Source Assets Animal Husbandry 1 (8.7%) 7 (26.8%) 28537 (21.3%) Non-Farm (by being employed HHs (%) 38719 (28.9%) for construction, factories, 9 (72.0%) housekeeping, restaurants, etc.) 12 (50.7%) Farm vehicle 17% 20% n.a. Motorcycles 33% 24% n.a. Air Conditions % 33% 56% n.a. Color TV 83% 100% n.a. Mobile Phone 42% 48% n.a. 1 The samples were selected from common residents excluding government officials at random. Poverty: In Shimen County, there is considerate rural poverty with 11,500 persons with per capita annual income below CNY 900, which accounts for 30.4% of the total rural population. Out of this, the population of rural extreme poor with per capita income below CNY 627 in Shimen County is 26,000 persons (accounting for 22.6%), of which the number of ethnic minority people is 4830 accounting for 42% of the total rural extreme poor population. Relatively speaking, the urban poverty population occurring rate is 12.8%, which is lower than rural poverty population occurrig rate (the urban poverty line is the income per month per capita less than CNY 200 and the income per capita is CNY 2400). Income: In Shimen County, the average per capita income among rural population in 2004 was CNY 1,887. About 35% of the income came from non-farm sources. In PPA, the average annual income in the project protected areas was CNY 2170, which is 13% higher than the county average. The better infrastructure and easy access to non-farm based income activities in urban residential committees might explain such difference, which was confirmed from surveyed sample households in PPA. Among 14 sample households, per capita income was CNY 3,500, with 72.5% of income coming from non-farm sources. Among the sample survey, 19
most of the families belong to inter-marriage families, so it is difficult to distinguish the per capita income of minority and Han families. Education: Based on sampling (to see tab 3-9), in PPA, there are basically no difference in the aspect of educational background between Han household and ethnic minority household. For example, the illiterate rate of ethnic minority household is 2% and the illiterate rate of Han household is 9%. The senior middle school education rate of Han household (13.7%) is higher than the one (6.8%) in ethnic minority. However, if comparing with the educational condition of village population in Shimen County, these differences are not obvious. In other words, the educational level of PPA Han and ethnic minority is better, comparing with the total county average level. For example, the illiterate rate of this county is 13.2%, which is far higher than PPA population (5.9%). The senior middle school education or above rate of PPA is 42.5% which is 6.5 times of this county. Agriculture: Because most village population takes plantation as their main income source, effective irrigation is an important index for farmland production. In 2004, there are 580,374 mu farmland in Shimen County, including 405,206 mu, accounting for 70% of the total. In Chujiang Town, there are 15102 mu cultivated land, about 2.6% of the whole county. Among them, there are 6161 mu of irrigated farmland, accounting for 41% of the total. In project protected areas, there are about 8467 mu cultivated land, accounting for 1.5% of the total farmland in the whole county. STIs/HIV/AIDS Transmission: Based on the investigation, currently, there are totally 36 AIDS carriers and AIDS patients in Shimen County, of which, 23 died. Shimen County has currently been listed as one of the 51 AIDS prevention exemplary counties in China and STIs/HIV/AIDS has effectively been controlled and prevented. The construction of the flood control will bring around large number of construction workers to the project area, though most farmer labors come from nearby villages, and these workers will unavoidably interact with local minority population. Therefore there would be increased risk of exposure to HIV/AIDS and STIs for minority population. Gender Aspects: China is committed to gender equality and women and men have enjoyed an equal status by law. Female participation in agricultural activity is high in China, as it is in many parts of the world. The PPA total population is 18788 persons, of which, male 8954 persons and female 9834 persons. The ratio of male to female is 91:100 and the total labor power is 8244 persons,of which, female 3770 persons. From the view of County Women s Federation, the precedent development requirements for local women are to upgrade quality and skills training. The junior middle school is the relatively common educational background for labor, and the difference between female and male is not large. However, the difference in special income earning skills is large. Woman is mainly doing small commercials, retail and house-working, etc.. The non-agriculture activity which is done by village woman who is going out of village is mainly engaging in such third industry as houseworking, commercials and beauty treatment. In the aspect of non-agricultural production activities, the woman of both Han and ethnic minority is the same. Because the male is stronger than female, in case of flooding, the woman, children and elderly people will be moved out firstly and woman is generally staying at home, but male will go to dyke to do flood control works. The characteristics on family affairs for female and male are related to the respective division of labor, the houseworks will be determined by woman, and production activities will be determined by male. Important things, such as children s education, children s marriage and house building, will be determined by both of them. In community affairs, owing that the male leader of community occupying more than 70%, the male policy making will take the dominant factor. In 20
general, the gender influence of this project is neutral, and the benefited degree of female is about equal to the male, and there are no large negative influences. H. On Going Minority Development Programs Because most population in Shimen County is the ethnic minority population, this county has itself overall planning and industry development plan to support ethnic minority development in order to obtain some additional supports to its ethnic minority population. The sector development plans include: poverty reduction and development plan agricultural and forestry development plan; industrial development plan; women s development plan; children s development plan; educational development plan; transport development plan; public health development plan; and others. These plans are often linked with various programs, e.g., land conversion program is linked with forestry development plan and food for work program in linked with poverty development plan. Budgets for implementing these plans, as well as for other activities, are pre-determined and specified. In other words, there is hardly any flexible money available for additional activities imposed by such project like this ADB road development project. In addition to the sector development programs, there are specific minority development programs in the project counties that are administrated by Shimen Ethnic Minority Affairs Bureau. The programs are formulated based on the needs of each county through bottom-up and top-down approaches. Minority development programs include the provisions of providing social infrastructures (primary/secondary school, health clinic, housing upgrading, and recreation facilities), economic infrastructures improvement (rural road, water supply and electricity connection), and capacity building (training on farming, and training on income-generating activities with microfinance). The minority development programs often join hands with poverty reduction programs. As only one county whose ethnic minority population takes the dominant factor in Changde City, Shimen County has obtained specific minority development oriented support for all sectors from higher-level governments. In addition, the minority affairs sector itself, had also independently implemented a number of development programs. In 2004, Shimen County obtained RMB 0.20 million yuan of central financial fund, and its target community is village ethnic minority poverty population, and the fund will be used for their social development and economic development. The social development project mainly includes road construction and school construction, etc. The economic development mainly includes tea garden construction, vegetable base construction and orange innovation, etc.. The above projects all have achieved obvious effectives. 21