MARKING SCHEME POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS -XII ( )

MARKING SCHEME POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS -XII (2017-18) 1.a) US had good relations with both India and Pakistan since the end of cold war. b) Liberal economic policies and economic reforms. c) Huge size of population and markets in South Asia gives America an added stake. Or any other relevant point. (any one) (1) 2. Option (b) (1) 3. Most countries of Western Europe sided with the US which got formalized into an organization called NATO. Hence it was also called Western Alliance. (1) 4. Major objectives: To preserve the hard earned sovereignty Protect territorial integrity Promote rapid economic development (Any two) (1) 5. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement setting up target for industrialised countries to cut their greenhouse gases as they are largely responsible for the current global emissions of greenhouse gases. (1) 6. Cold war never got converted into a hot war because of logic of deterrence which means both sides have the capacity to retaliate against an attack and to cause so much destruction that neither can afford to initiate war. (2) 7. Sardar Patel played a very prominent role in negotiating with the rulers of the then Princely States firmly but diplomatically and most of them joined the Indian Union. It was with no doubt a very complicated task which required skillful persuasion. (2) 8. a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii (4x1/2) 9. In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait rapidly occupying and subsequently annexing it. All diplomatic attempt were a failure in convincing Iraq to quit its aggression. The United Nation

took a dramatic decision to mandate the liberation of Kuwait by force. A massive coalition force of 66,000 troops from 34 countries fought against Iraq and defeated it, known as the First Gulf War also. (2) 10. Tashkent Agreement was signed between Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan s General Ayub Khan in January 1966 after 1965 Indo-Pak war (2) 11. The new economic policies of China a) Open door policy b) Privatization of agriculture and industry in1982 and 1988 c) Special Economic Zones d) Accession to WTO e) Ended its political and Economic isolation. Or any other relevant point. (Any Four) (4) 12. Key controversies: i. Agricultural vs Industrial development ii. Public vs Private sector Explain. (2+2) 13. i. Soviet system gave primary importance to the state and to the institution of the party. ii. The political system centered on the communist party and no other political party or opposition was allowed. iii. Economy was planned and controlled by the state. iv. It was more developed than rest of the world except the US. v. It had complex communication network and vast energy resources etc. (Any other relevant point) (4) 14. Let the polluters pay is a correct statement because those countries that have caused pollution should pay for undoing the damage. This is the statement quoted by the developing countries of south to the developed countries of north at the negotiations between north and south over environmental pollution. There is difference in the approach to environment between north and south Discuss the view point of developed countries on ecological conservation in reference to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities Discuss the view point of developing countries on ecological conversation in reference to the principle of common and differentiated responsibilities..

The rules of international environmental law must take into consideration the need of the developing countries. (Or any other relevant point). (4) 15. Factors which helped in the restoration of Congress Party after the split in 1969: Efforts of the government to project its socialist credentials. Indira Gandhi s vigorously campaigned for implementing the land reform laws. Undertook land ceiling legislation Mandate of the 1971 election Slogan of Garibi Hatao Focus on growth of public sector (Or any other relevant point) (Any four points) (4) 16. No the prevalence of a one party dominant system did not affect adversely the democratic nature of Indian politics: Key role of the Congress in the freedom struggle gave it a head start over others. Accommodative nature of congress strengthened the democracy One party dominance appeared in democratic manner where other parties contested elections in the condition of free and fair manner. Congress party tolerated and encouraged various factions which were based on ideological considerations. (Explain) (4) 17. 18. a) US, Britain, France, Russia, China (any four) (1/2x4=2) b) Negative vote of any permanent member which can stall the decision is called veto power. (1) c) It is difficult to abolish veto power of permanent members because: Permanent members will lose their superior position Great powers will lose interest in the world body They would do what they pleased outside it. Without the support of great powers UN would be ineffective (Any two) (1+1=2) a) To regulate the acquisition or development of weapons among the countries. (1) b) Yes, NPT is an arm control treaty because it regulates the acquisition of nuclear weapons to protect world from large scale destruction. (explain) (2) c) NPT was discriminatory in nature. It favour nuclear weapon states. It did not seek to abolish nuclear weapons, rather it limited the number of countries that could have them.

NPT legitimized the monopoly of five nuclear powers. Thus, India opposed the indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995 also refused to sign CTBT. (2) 19. a) The first general election was also the first big test of democracy in a poor and illiterate country. Till then democracy had existed only in prosperous countries. It was now proved that democratic election on basis of universal adult Franchise can be held in the condition of lack of education and poverty. (2) b) Problems confronted by election commission are: Delimitation and drawing the boundaries of the electoral constituencies was a task that took a long time Preparing the electoral roll was a challenge, names of nearly 40 lakh women were not recorded Out of 17 crore eligible voters only 15% were literate therefore EC had to think about some special methods of voting. (3) 20. a) Cartoon depicts well established US hegemony on the world stage and other countries may be next in wings. The US will stay on the super power stage till the rest of the world is resistant with the US and the mega state like China, Russia etc follow the strategy to hide. (1) b) The rise of Chinese economy as a result of new economic policies have greatly contributed to rise Chinese economy as an alternative center of power in the world. The current strength of Chinese economy is as follow: Fastest growing economy. It is projected to overtake US as the world s largest economy by 2040 Its economic integration into the region makes it the driver of East Asian growth, thereby it an enormous influence in regional affair. The integration of the China s economy and the interdependence that this has created have enable China to have considerable with its trade partners like Japan, US, ASEAN etc. (1+1) c) Two ways to overcome hegemony are: Bandwagon Strategy to hide Through social movements and public opinion Through media, intellectuals, artist and writers.(any two) (1+1) 21. Map: i. Maharashtra (B) ii. Meghalaya (C) iii. Andhra Pradesh (A)

iv. Madhya Pradesh (E) v. Karnataka (D) (5) 22. India s response to ongoing cold war was twofold: It took particular care in staying away from two alliances. It raised its voice against the newly decolonized countries becoming part of these alliances. Non-alignment emerged from India s initiative for formulating an independent foreign policy which was non biased. It served India s interest in two ways: It allowed India to take international decision and Stance that served its interest. India was often able to balance one super power against the other. India s policy of non- alignment was criticized on two grounds: o It was unprincipled as in the name of national interest India refused to take firm stand on crucial issues o India was inconsistent and took contradictory postures. India criticized others for joining alliances but itself Treaty of friendship in 1971 with USSR. (2+2+2) Shock Therapy refers to painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system. The model of transition in Russia, Central Asia and East Europe was influenced by world bank and IMF. It varied in intensity and speed amongst the second world countries. It was not the best way to make a transition because of its negative consequences: Large state controlled industrial complex collapsed Largest garage sale It destroyed the old system of social welfare Privatization led to new disparities Value of Ruble came down Collective farming system disintegrated Democratic institutions were not given attention Mafia emerged in most of these countries and started controlling many economic activities. Or any other relevant point (any six) (6) 23. Globalisation means integrating our economy with the world economy. It deals with free flow of goods, services, people and ideas. It is a multi-dimensional concept. (explain). India opted for it to overcome economic crisis it faced in 1991 and its desire for higher rate of economic growth.

Resistance to globalisation in India comes from different quarters: Political parties and Indian social forum protested against economic liberalization. Trade Unions of Industrial workforce and farmer organization protests against the entry of multinationals. The patenting of certain plants like neem by America and European has also generated opposition. Resistance has also come from political rights; particularly objection has come to various cultural influences like valentine s day celebration westernization of the dress (any three) (2+1+3) Global common are those resources which are not owned by any one but rather shared by a community. They include earth s atmosphere Antartica, the ocean floor and outer space. Different environmental concerns becoming important in global politics: a. Cultivable area is barely expanding any more, Agricultural land is losing fertility,grasslands have been overgrazed and fisheries overharvested. b. Safe drinking water is not available to many areas and population. Billions have no access to sanitation, resulting in the death of more than three million children every year. c. Natural forest are being cut and people are being displaced. It has cost climatic disturbance and loss of biodiversity. d. A steady decline in the ozone layer in the Earth s stratosphere is posing a real danger to eco systems and human health. e. Coastal pollution is adding deterioration in the quality of marine environment. (6) 24. Indo- China relations 1) Indo- China relation from 1949-56 India and China both are ancient civilization, sharing a common border and having a relationship with each other for thousands of years. Buddhism spread from India to China. Both were great powers of Asia. India was the first country to recognize communist China. In 1954 India and China signed Panchsheel that marked honeymoon period of Sino-Indian relations. 2) Between 1956-76 (constrained relations) Many contentious issues arose in Sino-Indian relations Border dispute Issue of Tibet Nuclear test issue 3) Between 1976-till today( harmonious relations)

After the change in leadership from mid 1970 s China s policy became more Pragmatic. Efforts are made to solve border dispute. In 1996 confidence building agreement was signed. Rajiv Gandhi s visit to China in 1988 marked the improvement in Indo-China relations. Many agreements on trade, cultural exchange and cooperation in science and technology were signed between India and China. (6) Features of India s nuclear policy India believes in both horizontal and vertical nuclear disarmament. It is ready to disarm its nuclear weapons if all other countries of the world possessing nuclear weapons also disarm their nuclear weapons. No first use of weapons and will use nuclear weapons only for defensive purpose. India opposed NPT and CTBT as they were seen unjust and discriminatory. Use of nuclear energy for peaceful purpose It reiterates India s commitment to global, verifiable and non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament leading to a nuclear weapon free world. Any other relevant point. (any four) Reasons for India becoming Nuclear are: India s fear of China. China is already a nuclear state and is a direct threat to India s security. India s hostile relations with Pakistan. Pakistan has been supported by China in its nuclear programs. Thus in order to preserve its national security it was equally important for India to become a nuclear state. Any other relevant point. (4+2=6) 25. UN is not a great balance to the US hegemony because: With the disappearance of Soviet Union, US is the only super power. Its military and economic power allows it to ignore UN US is single largest contributor to the UN UN is physically located within the US territory gives Washington additional source of influence. US has many nationals in the UN bureaucracy. (Any three) But UN is still relevant in post-cold war period: In the unipolar world the UN can and has served to bring US and rest of the world on common platform to discuss common issues US leaders despite frequent criticism see UN as organization dealing with conflicts and socio economic development. The UN does provide a space within which arguments against US attitude are heard, compromises and concession can be shaped

Growing connections and interdependence has increased the importance of UN in future. (3+3) Factors responsible for Pakistan s failure for building stable democracy are: Lack of genuine international support for democratic rule Pakistan s conflict with India has made the pro-military group more powerful The social dominance of military, clergy and landowning aristocracy has led to the frequent overthrow of elected government. Global Islamic terrorism and their apprehension that Pakistan s nuclear arsenal might fall in the hands of these terrorist groups. The two pro- democracy factors present are: Courageous and entirely free press Strong human rights movement. (4+2) 26. Popular movements are part of democratic process. It encourages people participation. It provide chance to people to air out their grievances. Through these movements they get a chance to express their thoughts and ideas which is must for the success of democracy. For example Chipko movement, NBA, NFF, Dalit Panther, Anti-Arrack (explain any three) (6) The Punjab Accord was an agreement signed between the then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Harchand Singh Longowal, the then President of the Akali Dal in 1985. This agreement is known as the Rajiv Gandhi- longowal Accord or Punjab Accord.It was a step towards bringing normalcy in Punjab Main provisions: Chandigarh to be transferred to Punjab A separate commission to be set up to resolve border dispute between Punjab and Haryana A tribunal would be set up to decide the sharing of Ravi-Beas river water between Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan Better treatment of those affected by militancy in Punjab and the withdrawal of the application of Armed Forces Special Powers Act in Punjab. However, peace did not come easily. The cycle of violence continued nearly for decades. Militancy and counter insurgency violence led to excesses by the police and violation of the human rights Politically it led to fragmentation of the Akali Dal President rule and suspension of normal democratic process

Not easy to restore the political process in the atmosphere of suspicion and violence All this in turn added to tension between Punjab and its neighbouring countries. (3+3=6) 27. The lessons: i. Extremely difficult to do away with democracy in India. Defeat of Indira Gandhi in 1977 election supports the above fact. ii. Many ambiguities regarding the emergency provision in constitution that have been rectified. It could not have been misused if there had not been ambiguities. iii. Emergency made every citizen aware of their rights and civil liberties in a democracy. iv. No government in India can remain in power if it work against the interest of the common people and its harsh towards the masses. (Any three lessons to be elaborated) (3x2=6) Candidates are free their view point. Weightage should be given for originality and logic If candidate writes yes then the answer may include the following points or any other relevant point: i. People have given absolute majority to one party i.e BJP. ii. People were fed up with the previous experience of coalition government. iii. Regional parties like S.P, BSP, DMK etc have been wiped out. iv. Many important decisions could not be taken due to varying interest of coalition parties If the candidate writes no then the answer may include the following points or any other relevant point i. Regional parties still have relevance and they are ruling in different states. ii. Congress and BJP both are trying continuously to woo the regional parties in their favour. iii. The present government still depends and needs the support of different regional parties to get the the bills passed in the Parliament. iv. At present, congress party is trying to unite the opposition parties and regional parties against the ruling party to regain power. Or any other relevant point. (3x2=6)