Ethiopia HUMANITARIAN CRISES ANALYSIS 2018 DECEMBER 2017

Ethiopia HUMANITARIAN CRISES ANALYSIS 2018 DECEMBER 2017 Each year, Sida conducts a humanitarian allocation exercise in which a large part of its humanitarian budget is allocated to emergencies worldwide. This allocation takes place in the beginning of the year as to ensure predictability for humanitarian organisations and to allow for best possible operational planning. In an effort to truly adhere to the humanitarian principles, Sida bases its allocation decisions on a number of objective indicators and parameters of which the most important are related to the number of affected people, vulnerability of affected people and level of funding in previous years. One of the indicators is also related to forgotten crises in order to ensure sufficient funding to low profile crises. Besides this initial allocation, another part of the humanitarian budget is set aside as an emergency reserve for sudden onset emergencies and deteriorating humanitarian situations. This reserve allows Sida to quickly allocate funding to any humanitarian situation throughout the year, including additional funding to Ethiopia. For 2018, Ethiopia is allocated an initial 140 Million Swedish Kronor (MSEK). Close monitoring of the situation in Ethiopia will continue throughout the year for potential additional funding or amendments. 1. CRISIS OVERVIEW 1.1. Type of Crisis/ Disaster Ethiopia is both politically and geographically situated at the centre of Horn of Africa, a region suffering from recurrent natural disasters and complex emergencies, resulting in vast vulnerability across population groups and countries. Escalating conflict in South Sudan and Yemen and protracted crisis in Somalia, both related to conflict and drought, has caused almost 900,000 refugees to seek protection in Ethiopia, 1 which is now the second largest refugee recipient country in Africa. It is also a major transit hub for migration out of the Horn of Africa with migrants from the neighbouring countries crossing Ethiopia on the way to Libya through Sudan with the aim of reaching Europe. Ethiopia has a complex relationship with its neighbours and is militarily present in the region, most notably in Somalia where Ethiopian troops participate in the African Union peace keeping mission (AMISOM) fighting Al-Shabaab. Ethiopia also struggles with internal conflicts and is ranked among the 15 most fragile countries in the world, according to the Fragile States Index for 2017. 2 Community clashes are common in several parts of the country and more than 1.3 million people are currently internally displaced, of which around 700,000 people are estimated to be displaced as a result of recent clashes along the border between the regions of Oromia and Somali. 3 In 1995, Ethiopia introduced an ethnically-based federalism with the aim to peacefully overcome ethnic divisions. This has not eased the tensions in the country and the regions of Oromia and Somali, which share a 1,400-kilometre long border, have competed for territory since the introduction of the federal system. The conflict is mainly caused by competition of resources as population groups cross the border in search for scarce water and pasture. There are also political dimensions, with Oromo being the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia and has long complained that they have been marginalised by the government. After waves of protests in the largest political uprising for decades, particularly in the Oromia region, the government declared a state of emergency in October 2016 which lasted for ten months. Ranked by INFORM as the 15th most risk prone country globally in 2017, 4 Ethiopia also has a long history of natural disasters with recurrent droughts, flooding, insect infestations and epidemics. Aggravated by climate change, droughts have in recent years become more frequent and intense, especially in the southeastern parts of the country. Ethiopian agriculture is largely rainfed and more erratic and unpredictable rains have significant impacts on livelihoods and food security for pastoralists and agropastoralists. To make things 1 UNHCR, 30 Nov. 2017: https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/unhcr-ethiopia-situational-update-november-2017 2 Fragile States Index 2017: http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/2017/05/14/fsi-2017-factionalization-and-group-grievance-fuel-rise-ininstability/ 3 IOM, DTM, Nov 2017: http://www.globaldtm.info/category/east-africa/ethiopia/ 4 Inform Index 2017: http://www.inform-index.org/linkclick.aspx?fileticket=cnibgykln2c%3d&tabid=107&portalid=0&mid=495 1

worse, intensive deforestation has increased the risks for soil erosion, land degradation, desertification and flooding, which puts pressure on already limited resources. As a result, competition for land and natural resources already occurs and is likely to intensify in the foreseeable future, with risks of further conflict and displacement. In 2015/16 Ethiopia was hit by a powerful El Niño weather event, resulting in one of the worst droughts in decades with more than 10 million people in need of immediate life-saving interventions. In 2017, after the third consecutive poor rains, the humanitarian situation deteriorated rapidly with some 8.5 million people in urgent need of food assistance, 10.5 million people lacking access to safe drinking water, 6.3 million people who require health assistance and 3.6 million children and PLW in need of treatment for moderate acute malnutrition, together with massive loss of livelihood assets and internal displacement. 5 Drought is not new to the pastoralist communities in south-eastern Ethiopia and they are often able to cope with some loss of camels and goats until the next rainy season comes. After years of underperforming rains, however, vegetation conditions are exhausted and lack of access to water and fodder have affected both livestock and agriculture. As pastoralist communities rely on animals for their livelihoods and income, livestock death means, among other things, reduced purchasing power, resulting in food insecurity and malnutrition. A significant part of the livestock has already been lost and, even in a best-case scenario, it will take years for herds to fully recover. Well-performing spring rains in 2018 will be crucial but not enough and a sustained humanitarian response will be needed throughout much of 2018. 1.2. Geographical areas and affected population The southern and eastern parts of Ethiopia are most heavily affected by the drought, with deteriorating food insecurity in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' region, southern and eastern Oromia, parts of Afar and Gambella as well as large parts of the Somali region. Most severely affected is the Somali Region, with 3.3 million, 60 % of the region s population, in need of food assistance. 6 Large parts of the population in south-eastern pastoral areas are already in Emergency (IPC Phase 4), according to the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) and in in areas with large food consumption gaps and extreme loss of livelihood assets, such as in Afder, Dollo, Jarar, Korahe and Liben zones, there are reports of households in Catastrophe (IPC Phase 5). The most vulnerable groups include displaced pastoral households, children under age five and pregnant and lactating women (PLW). 3.6 million children and PLW are expected to suffer from Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM) and 376,000 children under age five from Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) in 2017. The current malnutrition rates for children under age five are: 14.9 % for MAM and 1.9 % for SAM, and in the Somali region, the Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) rates among children under age five are 16.2 %, which is above the emergency threshold of 15 %. 7 In addition, Ethiopia hosts a large number of refugees residing in camps, mainly in Assosa, Gambella and Dollo Ado. The needs in the refugee settings remain vast with high malnutrition, food insecurity and overcrowded camps. In 2017, however, the government adopted a new national policy allowing refugees to obtain certificates on birth, death, marriage and divorce with the aim to enhance inclusion of refugees in communities in line with the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF). Other commitments of the government that have not yet been implemented include refugees access to education, work permits and the possibility to reside outside of refugee camps. The combined effects of drought and conflict have resulted in exhaustion of peoples coping mechanisms and resort to negative coping strategies, such as reduction of portion sizes and skipping of meals, low diversity of food consumption and selling of assets for food purchase have been observed. As pastoralists 5 Revised Ethiopia HRD 2017: https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-2017-revised-humanitarian-requirements-snapshot-8- august-2017 6 WFP Ethiopia Drought Emergency Situation Report 5, July-August 2017: https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/wfp-ethiopia-droughtemergency-situation-report-5-july-august-2017 7 UNICEF, Humanitarian Situation Report 14, 22 August- 5 September 2017: https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/unicef-ethiopiahumanitarian-situation-report-14-reporting-period-22-august-5 2

rely on animals for consumption and production, sale of livestock is a particularly negative coping strategy and more than 2 million households are in dire need of livestock support. Women and girls have been severely affected by drought-related displacements and increased rates of GBV, including domestic violence, women and girls trading sex for food, abuse and exploitation as well as abduction of women, is a serious concern. Child protection issues, such as child marriage, child labour, separation from their caregivers and psychosocial distress are also widespread. 1.3. Critical Assumptions, risks and threats Current institutions do not have enough capacity to enhance resilience and not enough people are included in existing safety-net systems, leaving large population groups vulnerable to shocks. Moreover, failed rains and recurrent droughts risk to further reduce already exhausted coping capacities among communities and put pressure on limited resources. Moreover, the upcoming spring rains risk to bring further challenges, such as flooding and disease outbreaks and there is an increased risk of conflict when people migrate in search for natural resources. The ongoing conflicts along the border between Oromia and Somali are already posing challenges for humanitarian actors to get access to affected populations, a scenario that is likely to persist in 2018. In refugee recipient parts of the country, an increased influx of refugees is likely due to escalating conflicts and droughts in neighbouring countries, particularly in South Sudan and Somalia. International pressure from the EU to keep refugees and migrants on African soil, most recently through the Partnership Framework with Ethiopia, will probably also persist in the coming years and may affect Ethiopia as a large recipient country for refugees and a transit hub for migrants. Although the humanitarian response was generally well-funded in 2017, some organisations, such as the World Food Program (WFP), experienced funding gaps during parts of the year, resulting in disruption of food aid in the Somali region. Logistical constraints, due to poor infrastructure and insecurity, are likely to have negative effects on delivery and price fluctuations may affect certain transfer modalities, such as cash transfers negatively. In general, the capacity of local service providers is low, both when it comes to health care and food distribution and there is also a risk of pressure to work with certain target groups and certain transfer modalities, which risks resulting in non-adherence to humanitarian principles. Moreover, corruption is a serious issue as Ethiopia was ranked as number 108 out of 176 countries by Transparency International in 2016 with a corruption perception index score of 34 (out of 100). 8 1.4. Strategic Objectives and Priorities of the Country Humanitarian Response Plan The humanitarian response in Ethiopia is organised within the framework of a government-led process, the Humanitarian Requirement Document (HRD), which compiles humanitarian needs in the country, excluding refugee responses, on a yearly basis with a mid-year review. Geographical prioritisation is based on the government's hotspot woreda (district) classification, which is based on six multi-sector indicators. As of June 2017, 461 woredas were prioritised, of which nearly half, 228 woredas, were classified as priority one (very severe). The most prioritised districts are located in south-eastern parts of Ethiopia and pastoralist communities are considered the most vulnerable. Due to the continuing deterioration of the humanitarian situation in 2017, the HRD was revised in August and the number of people in need increased from 5.6 to 8.5 million. This does not include 4.1 million people who have previously benefitted from the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) who required humanitarian assistance in addition to the beneficiaries included in the HRD for the second half of 2017, meaning that 12.6 million people were now in need of humanitarian assistance. The revised HRD focuses on emergency food assistance; livestock interventions; access to health services and prevention of disease outbreaks; malnutrition screening and treatment; rehabilitation of water points and water trucking. The strategic objectives of the revised 2017 HRD remain the same as in the initial HRD: 8 Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index 2016: https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2016#table 3

Save lives and reduce morbidity due to drought and acute food insecurity. Protect and restore livelihoods. Prepare for and respond to other humanitarian shocks, including natural disasters, conflict and displacement. As of November 2017, there was a funding gap of USD 249 million against the revised HRD amounting to USD 1.4 billion. The HRD does not include the refugee response. The South Sudanese refugees are, however, included in the South Sudan Regional Refugee Response Plan 2017 (RRRP) and the revised RRRP 2017 (May 2017) with a funding requirement of 314 million USD for the response in Ethiopia. The response plan for 2018 will target 7.88 million people and requires USD 1.658 billion. Although the HRD compiles humanitarian needs on a yearly basis, a multi-year response framework is about to be developed by humanitarian and development partners, together with the government in 2018. Humanitarian needs and resilience initiatives will be included as a pillar in this framework. 2. IN COUNTRY HUMANITARIAN CAPACITIES 2.1. National and local capacities and constraints The overall humanitarian coordination is led by the government s National Disaster Risk Management Coordination Commission (NDRMC), which leads federal and regional level Disaster Risk Management Technical Working Groups (DRMTWG), co-chaired with OCHA. In areas where WFP operates, most of the food distribution is also carried out through government service providers. The space for civil society in Ethiopia is limited, partly because of restrictive NGO laws limiting the local NGOs response capacity. As a result, very few national NGOs take part in the humanitarian response. In 2017, 11 national NGOs have been active participants within the HRD, together with the Ethiopian Red Cross Society. ARRA is the leading agency for the overall coordination of refugee assistance in Ethiopia, in close cooperation with UNHCR. The Regional Governments and the Regional Health Bureaus are also engaged in the refugee response. 2.2. International operational capacities and constraints The international humanitarian presence has in 2017 consisted of 11 UN agencies, 66 INGOs and the ICRC and IFRC. Among the international actors, OCHA has the main responsibility for coordination of the response, while the Ethiopia Humanitarian Country Team (EHCT) is the principal humanitarian policy and decisionmaking body. The EHCT is chaired by the Humanitarian Coordinator and consists of UN agencies, INGOs, NNGOs, donor representatives and observers from IFRC, ICRC, ERCS and MSF. Together with ARRA, UNHCR has the overall coordination responsibility for the refugee response. This collaboration was further enhanced through a Refugee Task Force, co-chaired by the government and UNHCR. Of the 8.5 million target beneficiaries identified in the revised HRD, WFP assists 3.3 million people in the Somali Region (including 1.6 million beneficiaries, previously benefitting from the PSNP). In the rest of the country the government, through the NDRMC, and the NGO consortium Joint Emergency Operation Program (JEOP) provide assistance to 4.7 million and 1.5 million beneficiaries respectively. The humanitarian response has been massively scaled-up during 2017. Food distribution has, however, been erratic, both as a result of funding shortfalls, logistical challenges as well as discussions about transfer modalities. Moreover, the quality of coordination varies significantly between clusters depending on the strength and commitment of individual cluster coordinators. Integrated and cross-sectoral programming could be improved to ensure that for example nutrition programming is linked with other interventions to address the underlying causes of malnutrition, such as access to food, water, health and sanitation. 4

2.3. International and Regional assistance Ethiopia is one of the world s top-ten recipients of Official Development Assistance (ODA), receiving approximately USD 3.5 billion annually (as compared to the humanitarian appeal for 2017 of USD 1.4 billion). USA was the largest donor to Ethiopia in 2017 (USD 350 million). Other major donors include United Kingdom (USD 60 million), World Bank (USD 50 million), ECHO (USD 49 million), CERF (USD 29 million) and Germany (USD 21 million). Sweden was the 9th largest donor (USD 20 million). The major part of the US assistance consisted of food, while the focus of ECHO was food, nutrition and wash. UK and Germany mainly funded multi-sectoral responses. 2.4. Access Situation Access is restricted in many parts of the country, particularly in parts of the Somali region. This is mainly due to security issues, but also because of restrictions on the presence of NGO s in certain geographical areas. As a result of the escalating violence along the border between Oromia and Somali regions, access has been further constrained. Unfortunately, the most restricted areas in terms of access are where humanitarian needs are greatest and the access restrictions are seriously limiting people s access to humanitarian aid in certain parts of the country. This has affected the humanitarian actors negatively, as food distributions by WFP have been delayed and protection concerns in affected regions have not been adequately responded to. There have also been logistical constraints, mainly caused by flooding. Security is not likely to improve in 2018 and risks for restricted access for humanitarian actors, as well as limited possibilities to obtain reliable data about the humanitarian needs, will therefore likely persist. 3. SIDAs HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE PLAN 3.1. The role of Sida Due to the deteriorating humanitarian situation in Ethiopia, Sida allocated extra funding in addition to the initial allocations in both 2016 and 2017, with a total funding level of 131 million SEK in 2016 and 206 million SEK in 2017. As of November 2017, a total of 15 Sida partners have provided life-saving humanitarian support in line with the HRD priorities. WFP has distributed food to more than 2 million people and reached 1.5 million individuals with treatment for MAM, Unicef has admitted 228,616 children under 5 years with SAM to therapeutic care programmes and 389,231 people have got access to health care services. Moreover, the WASH cluster has been able to reach 7.8 million people with wash services through the establishment of permanent water systems, rehabilitated boreholes, water trucking services, construction of latrines as well as sanitation and hygiene promotion. The Ethiopia Humanitarian Fund (EHF) has supported more than 100 projects (of which 86 NGOs and 20 UN agencies) in the sectors of Nutrition, WASH, health, protection, nonfood items (NFIs), agriculture and education. 9 3.2. Response Priorities 2018 It is still early to make long-term forecasts, but a sustained humanitarian response focusing on life-saving activities will be needed throughout at least the first half of 2018, until the arrival of the spring (belg/gu/genna) rains. If the rains are again below-average, recovery, especially for pastoralist communities in south-eastern Ethiopia, may be delayed until late 2018. It is, however, crucial that recovery initiatives, such as livestock interventions, are conducted in parallel with more urgent life-saving interventions to prevent stabilised households from falling back into high levels of food insecurity and malnutrition. Sida s humanitarian assistance in 2018 will focus on needs-based, life-saving humanitarian interventions for drought and conflict affected populations, including refugees and IDPs, in line with HRD priorities, IHL and humanitarian principles. The following areas will be of particular importance: Focus on the geographical areas most severely affected by drought, particularly Somali and parts of southern and eastern Oromia as well as the refugee settings in Assosa, Gambella and Dollo Ado. 5

Assistance to the most vulnerable groups, including people experiencing acute malnutrition and severe food insecurity, particularly children and PLW and people affected by displacement. Mainstreaming of gender and protection as well as protection integration and stand-alone protection programs, in particular in IDP settings, to reduce the risks and exposure of vulnerable groups, avoid negative coping strategies and to address concerns of GBV and child protection. Attracting development actors and exploring various options for building resilience, such as linkages to safety-net programmes and livelihood interventions as well as establishment and rehabilitation of sustainable water systems to prevent further livestock deaths, livelihood losses and depleted coping capacities. Moreover, through support to OCHA and UNHCR and in ongoing dialogue, Sida will in 2018 work to improve coordination and integrated programming to ensure joint planning and analysis at an early stage and integration of cross-cutting issues in assessments, planning and operations. Moreover, to optimise use of resources, maximise synergies and avoid duplication, Sida funded projects should be aligned with established coordination mechanisms, such as the HRD or equivalent coordination structures for the refugee responses, such as the RRRP. Accountability to affected populations has so far been weak and Sida will in 2018 continue the dialogue with partner organisations to improve accountability to ensure assistance is relevant and appropriate and that feedback is taken into consideration in programme design. The possibilities for cash-based programming should be explored, but must be carried out carefully, as previous trials have resulted in large delays of humanitarian assistance. Introduction as well as scale-up of existing cash-based interventions need to be based on realities on the ground as well as on thorough assessments of functionality of markets, prices and value-chains. Finally, the Ethiopian context is very volatile with restricted access in many areas. To enable partners to effectively respond to changing needs, Sida will consider flexible funding solutions, such as unearmarked funding and programme-based approaches where relevant. Drought-affected areas in the Somali region, particularly IDP settings, together with refugee sites mainly in Assosa, Gambella and Dollo Ado will be prioritised for follow-up in 2018. Thematically, protection and accountability to affected populations will be a priority and the possibilities for resilience initiatives in droughtaffected areas will be explored. 3.3. Partners Based on the priorities described in 3.2., Sida has decided to allocate the initial funding to the following partners in 2018. Supported projects are coordinated within established coordination mechanisms. OCHA has, together with the government, the overall coordination responsibility of the humanitarian response. OCHA has been able to adapt its coordination function well to the complex context and is also an important actor when it comes to the management of the EHF. The World Food Program (WFP) is a key actor for the country-wide food assistance, both through in-kind and cash-based programming. In addition to the humanitarian support, Sida is currently exploring the possibilities for WFP to conduct long-term, sustainable risk and vulnerability reducing activities with development funding. UNICEF is another key partner in the drought response and is cluster lead for Nutrition and WASH as well as the child protection sub-cluster. It is also an important actor in the health sector and is well-placed for integrated programming. UNHCR provides, in close cooperation with ARRA, leadership in the coordination of the refugee response. UNHCR is also an important actor when it comes to protection, given the escalating protection concerns in parts of the country, particularly in IDP settings. 6

The Ethiopia Humanitarian Fund (EHF) is a pooled fund managed by the Humanitarian Coordinator (HC) in collaboration with OCHA and is an effective instrument to enable access to rapid financing, both for UN agencies and NGOs. The EHF has proven to be an efficient fund both in regard to addressing the annual priorities within the HRD but also for meeting unforeseen emergency needs. ICRC focuses on protection and assistance to conflict-affected communities across the country. ICRC has extensive access to large parts of the country and is the main actor to promote the international humanitarian law (IHL). As Ethiopia is engaged militarily in the region, the IHL aspect has a broad impact. Islamic Relief is an important partner in the Somali region, providing Nutrition, WASH, NFI and food support to drought and conflict affected people, including displaced populations. Islamic Relief operates in Afder, in the Somali region, which is one of the zones most severely affected by the drought. Swedish Mission Council - SMC (IAS/PMU) implements projects for water supply in the southern Oromia region with the aim of building sustainable solutions for communities suffering from recurrent droughts. SMR is also carrying out lifesaving WASH-interventions, including hygiene and sanitation promotion. Addressing gaps in the nutrition response, ACF is an important actor when it comes to reduction of morbidity and mortality related to acute malnutrition, especially among children under age five and PLW. In 2018, Sida will provide programme based support to allow for further flexibility and to enable ACF to respond to emerging needs throughout the country, both in drought affected areas and in refugee and IDP settings. As one of few actors, IRC responds to the escalating protection concerns in Oromia and Somali in an integrated protection and NFI response with the objective to protect vulnerable IDPs from GBV and to reduce the use of negative coping strategies. NRC works multi-sectoral and provides life-saving assistance to vulnerable population groups, including refugees, IDPs, migrants and host communities. NRC is well-placed to respond to the escalating IDP crisis and also to promote durable solutions for displaced populations. 3.4. Strategic Funding in Protracted Crises In addition to the partners above, Sida will in 2018 provide multi-year support to the refugee programme implemented by Church of Sweden (CoS)/Lutheran World Federation (LWF) 10. CoS/LFW is a well-known actor in Ethiopia and has previously received funding from Sida for the refugee response. The refugee programme supports refugees from South Sudan, Somalia, Eritrea, Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in several of the refugee camps and settlements throughout the country. The aim of the programme is to enable refugee and host community structures to be self-sufficient and sustainable through capacity building of local actors, including implementing partners, refugees and host communities, through Community-Based Psychosocial Support methodologies, with focus on vulnerable population groups, such as children and youth. After having implemented activities in the refugee settings for several years, Sida assess that the CoS/LWF is ready to initiate a phase-out of the humanitarian assistance and will therefore propose a multi-year intervention with a clear focus of exit/handing over to local structures. Sida therefore suggests funding for CoS/LWF for three years with the aim to build sufficient capacity of local structures to enable a responsible and sustainable phase-out of the humanitarian support provided by CoS/LWF. in addition to the proposed funding in this analysis, funding for CoS/LWF s interventions for South Sudanese refugees in Ethiopia is covered in the Humanitarian Crises Analysis for South Sudan. 10 Sida supports multi-year humanitarian interventions with one of the following purposes: a. Humanitarian assistance in protracted crises, in line with multi-year Humanitarian Response Plan (only in contexts with multi-year humanitarian planning) b. Transition/phase out of humanitarian assistance (handing over to development and national/local actors according to a proposed plan within a specific time-frame). c. Humanitarian assistance in specifically hard-to-reach areas. Based on the observation that in many of today s humanitarian contexts, few actors tend to have access to those with the greatest needs, Sida would like to encourage partners to build strong and durable relations with concerned stakeholders in a view to facilitate swift and efficient access also to areas considered more challenging to reach. 7

3.5. Synergies with Long-term Development Assistance The root causes of the recurrent humanitarian crises in Ethiopia could to a large-extent be attributed to issues of poverty, inequality, chronic malnutrition and food insecurity (Ethiopia is ranked 104 out of 119 countries in the Global Hunger Index in 2017 11 ), together with vast depletion of natural resources. Although one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, nearly 80 million people (88% of the population) suffer from multidimensional poverty and one third of the population is undernourished. 38 % of the children under age five are stunted, 24 % are underweight and 10 % are wasted. The solution to these issues is not to be found in short-term interventions within the frames of large-scale humanitarian appeals, but in addressing the root causes through long-term programming and resilience building. For this to be realised, flexible funding and adaptive programming need to be put in place and a number of options should be explored, including linkages to safety-net programmes, livelihood diversification, insurance schemes for pastoralists, improved natural resource management, strengthened health systems, improvement of prevention and disaster risk management as well as durable solutions, voluntary return or local integration, for refugees and IDPs. Sida s development cooperation with Ethiopia amounts to 230 MSEK in 2018 and the Strategy for Sweden s development cooperation with Ethiopia 2016 2020 is well-placed to address the underlying causes of crises and for building resilience of people and communities, especially in the following areas: Strengthened management of natural resources and ecosystem services. Improved opportunities for productive employment with decent working conditions, particularly for women and young people. Sustainable food security with particular focus on resilient agriculture. In December 2017, Sida decided to support a project from WFP with development funding. The aim of the project is to promote innovative approaches of building resilience and self-reliance for vulnerable populations in Ethiopia, through improved emergency preparedness and response, climate risk solutions, early warning systems, insurance solutions as well as livelihood promotion and food security interventions for host and refugee communities. Sida also contributes with social safety net support through a project with Unicef, which started in 2017, with the purpose of further strengthening the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP). PSNP is a programme between the government and development partners, which provides food or cash transfers to chronically food insecure households with the aim of enabling the rural poor facing chronic food insecurity to resist shocks, create assets and become food self-sufficient. The programme currently targets 8 million people, of which 4 million live in drought-affected areas. If further scaled up and strengthened, it has the potential of lifting a significant number of people out of the chronic cycles of humanitarian appeals. 11 Global Hunger Index, 2017: http://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/131422/filename/131628.pdf 8

SIDA s HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE TO ETHIOPIA IN 2018 Recommended partner for Sida support Sector/focus of work (incl. integrated or multi sectorial programming) If Multi-year support indicate category A or C Proposed (MSEK) amount OCHA Coordination 2,000,000 WFP Food security and nutrition, (including cash-based programming) 25,000,000 UNICEF Multi sectorial. Nutrition, WASH, health and child protection 25,000,000 UNHCR Refugee response (coordination) 10,000,000 EHF Multi-sectorial rapid response for UN and NGOs 35,000,000 ICRC Multi sectoral (conflict-affected communities) 5,000,000 IR Food security, WASH, nutrition 8,000,000 SMC WASH, livelihoods 5,000,000 ACF Nutrition, WASH 8,000,000 IRC Protection, NFI 6,000,000 NRC Recommended partner for Sida support CoS Multi sectorial (refugees, host 11,000,000 communities and IDPs) TOTAL 140,000,000 ADDITIONAL MULTI YEAR RESILIENCE FOCUSED FUNDING Sector/focus of work (incl. Multi-year support integrated or multi category B sectorial programming) Community-based psychosocial support, education, protection Proposed amount (SEK) 3,000,000 TOTAL 3,000,000 9