CHINA History, Government, and Political Culture
Under the Emperors Feudal System, war lords Centralized government bureaucracy 1800 s Dominance by other countries Spheres of influence Opium War Treaty of Nanking loss of Hong Kong to UK Sino Japanese War loss of Taiwan and Korean peninsula to Japan Mandate of Heaven
The Republican Revolution Qing Dynasty s last emperor, Pu Yi Sun Yat-sen 1911-1925- goals: Nationalism, end rule by emperor and feudal system Sun s Party - Kuomintang (the Nationalists) Influence of the USSR, Commintern May Fourth Movement 1919 1921 CCP formed with Soviet advisors
Chiang Kai-shek President of China 1925 1949 Nationalists v. Communists Communists get their support in the cities so in 1927 the KMT (Kuomintang) decide to get rid of the threat they present. CCP fled to the countryside, gain membership 1934 35 - the Long March, leaders: Mao Zedong, Jiang Qing, Zhou En lai, Deng Xiaoping the PLA
Principles of Maoism Populism Guerilla warfare Struggle and Activism - Permanent Revolution The mass line Mind over matter Collectivism Self reliance Egalitarianism
World War II and its impact Japanese Invasion of Manchuria, 1931 Strengthening of the CCP in anger that the government could not defeat Japan Civil War 1945 1949 between CCP and KMT Mao proclaims the People s Republic of China in 1949 US relationship with PRC and Taiwan
Reforming the Economy Command Economy end capitalism in the cities and feudalism in the countryside 5 year plans 1 st emphasis on heavy industry- nationalization 2 nd emphasis on agriculture gradual collectivism 1956 The One Hundred Flowers Campaign 1958 1961 The Great Leap Forward Development of Communes and Bringing Industry to the Countryside (backyard furnaces)
Development of the Party/Government Structure Parallelism and overlap Collective leadership Democratic Centralism Nomenklatura Legitimization Dual Rule Cadres
Sino Soviet Split Khrushchev cult of personality issue USSR withdraws money and advisors China - autarkic economy Competition for influence over 3 rd world, especially in Asia
Factionalism, not Pluralism in CCP Mao Zedong, Jiang Qing v. moderates like Deng Xiaoping Zhou En lai Mao s Premier Great Leap Forward ended, Moderate policies established 1961 1966
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 1966 1976 emphasis on ideological correctness, Mao s teachings Better Red than expert, permanent revolution, mass line, egalitarianism, getting rid of any remnants of imperial culture Red Guards get rid of the capitalist roaders
Dealing with Factions Xia xiang sent down to the countryside, a temporary transfer of urban secondary school graduates to rural villages and frontier settlements to learn from the peasants. Xia fang send down or put down, includes both temporary and permanent reassignments of cadres, professors, even sometimes whole families. Xia xiang is a type of xia fang. Rustication
Mao s control begins to wane 1969 PLA is sent in to stop the Red Guards Pres. Nixon meets with Mao 1972 Detente Hua Guofeng (Gen. Sec. after Mao) brings moderates (Deng) back into the CCP leadership The arrest of the Gang of Four ends the control of the Maoist supporters
Political Socialization Young Pioneers Communist Youth League Media Control Danwei unit to which individuals are assigned providing work, housing, food, health care (the iron rice bowl)
Recovery Zhou En lai and The Four Modernizations Moderates are in control Deng sets up the Central Advisory Committee of senior retired CCP members
The Four Modernizations Education better expert than red Agriculture Household Responsibility System
Industry reduce state control, allow private investment and worker incentives SEZ s Special Economic Zones TVE s Township & Village Enterprises RESULTS: fragmented authoritarianism reduced number of cadres (bureaucrats) Keep some state owned enterprises (SOE s) Military
Effects of the Modernization Iron Rice Bowl cracks Economy grows Democracy Wall Movement 1978 1979 Wei Jing Sheng s 5 th Modernization Unemployment and inflation Foreign Influence China is integrated to the world economy Corruption guanxi Changes to China s constitution
Deng s Four Cardinal Principles Follow Marxist Leninist Maoist Thought The Goal is the Dictatorship of the Proletariat We will reach socialism through capitalism, establishing a socialist-market economy Until then the CCP is the only group in power (Dictatorship of the CCP)
General Secretaries Mao Zedong (Chairman)1949-1976 Hua Guofeng 1976-1981 Hu Yaobang 1981-1987 Zhao Ziyang 1987-1989 Jiang Zemin 1989-2003 Hu Jintao 2003-2013 Xi Jinping 2013
Premiers Zhou En-lai 1949 1976 Zhao Ziyang 1980 1987 Deng Xiaoping 1981 becomes Paramount Leader until his death in 1997 Li Peng 1987 1998 Zhu Rongi 1998 2003 Wen Jiabao 2003-2013 Li Keqiang 2013
Foreign Policy Deng visits the U.S., Carter visits China Shanghai Communique More cooperation between USSR and China Discussions with U.K. about the return of Hong Kong
Modernizations leads to protest Split in the party between free market supporters and conservatives (hard liners) Campus protests in 1986 showing factionalism Gen. Sec. Hu Yaobang does not stop the protests, so he is removed from power, replaced by Zhao Ziyang
Economic Growth and Problems Migration to cities Labor unrest Crime Inequality Environmental degradation Demands for free speech, other political parties Demands for socialism Desire for stability
Tienanmen Square Protests Hu Yaobang is brought back into the CCP and dies a few months later (April, 1989) Gorbachev comes to meet with Deng and Gen. Sec. Zhao Ziyang and Premier Li Peng (May 1989 signals the end of the Sino Soviet split) Tienanmen Square Protestors:
Goddess of Liberty statue, students demand to meet with CCP leaders Deng and Li want to send in the army, Zhao does not so he is replaced by Jiang Zemin Martial Law declared Army sent in June 3 4, 1989
Reactions Some want stability, retrenchment Example of fang shou = letting go, then tightening up World condemnation U.S. annually determines M.F.N. status for trade privileges Deng 1992 (retired but still influential) encourages continuing with economic modernization as the only way to maintain CCP legitimacy U.S. signs PNTR agreement
Hong Kong, Macao, Tibet, Xinjiang 1997 UK gives Hong Kong back to China and it becomes a SAR Special Administrative Region to be ruled as one country, two systems. Macao returned by Portugal, also an SAR Tibet Sinofication Xinjiang Muslim area, the Uyghurs protests are violently put down
Economy Growth at 8 9 % a year, now slowed Admitted to the WTO Problems: BRIC
Politics Terms Limits, Age Limits CAC disbanded 1992 Fear of Instability Need to maintain legitimacy Pragmatism - the CCP accepts capitalists as members NPPCC - Chinese People s Political Consultative Conference represents interest groups (example: the All- China Federation of Trade Unions) to National People s Congress (corporatism) Legal reforms
Political Culture and Socialization Legacy of Confucianism Collectivism, Egalitarianism Political Socialization traditionally through Communist Youth League, danwei, unions, media control, intimidation, nomenklatura Fang-shou - Economic modernization, political movements, then crackdown, then loosening up again
China s challenges today Keep economy growing world s 2nd largest Globalization - world s 2 nd largest trading partner Demand for Energy Rural Unrest Environmental damage desertification, flooding, pollution, dependence on coal Corruption Lack of gov. transparency SARS crisis CPI Index 79/180
Unemployment can t create enough jobs for increasing population, will FDI move to places with cheaper labor forces? (Vietnam) Demographics GINI Index 47, HDI 89/169 Controlling the message internet, media Tibet, Xinjiang, North Korea Freedom House - Pol. Rts. 1/40, Civ. Lib. 16/60, Ranking: NF
Maintaining the political legitimacy of the CCP Generations of Leadership Hard to rally people behind an ideology no one believes in anymore Hard to control the message If the economy falters, the CCP will lose support
5 th Generation of Leaders Generational Change Factionalism has ended Smooth transfer of power to new leaders 4 th generation influenced by the damage caused by the Cultural Revolution 5 th Xi Jinping & Li Keqiang Problems to be dealt with by new leaders?
Contrast China and Mexico Revolution Political Legitimacy Economy Globalization