U.S.S.R. 21 million China 10 million Poland 6 million Yugoslavia 1.7 million France 600,000 U.S. 500,000 Czechoslovakia 415,000 Britain 400,000
Germany Japan 4.2 Million 2.4 Million Romania 460,000 Italy 410,000
Over 48 Million soldiers and civilians between 1939 and 1945
Many of the major cities of Europe and Asia were devastated by the WWII years
Country 1945 Amount Today U.S. $341 Billion $3.6 Trillion Germany $272 Billion $2.8 Trillion Soviet Union $192 Billion $2.0 Trillion Britain $120 Billion $1.3 Trillion Italy $92 Billion $987 Billion Total Cost of WWII Valued Today at. $1.075 Trillion $11.3 Trillion
At Nuremberg, 22 Nazi leaders put on trial 3 acquitted, 7 imprisoned, and 12 hanged 24 more executed in later trials 107 more given prison sentences 25 Japanese leaders put on trial 18 imprisoned 7 hanged
Oversaw over 28,000 deaths at Nazi camp in Poland during WWII Fled Europe after the war, changed his identity, and came to the U.S. Lived as an auto mechanic in Cleveland, OH until his arrest in April of 2009 Died in a German prison in 2012
Poland Romania Bulgaria Hungary Czechoslovakia
The United Nations formed the nation of Israel as a territory for exiled Jews around the world after WWII Israel was given land formerly occupied by Muslim Palestine This has led to decades of conflict between Israel and Palestine
Chapter 18.1 Origins of the Cold War
1. Why was the U.S. suspicious of the Soviet Union during and after WWII? ISSUES Even during the war, the two nations disagreed on many issues The U.S. was furious that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin had been an ally of Hitler for a time (Nazi-Soviet Pact) Stalin was upset that the U.S. had kept its development of the atomic bomb a secret (Manhattan Project)
2. ID United Nations (U.N.) Included the 50 most important nations on the planet in a peacekeeping organization after WWII Eventually the U.S. and Soviet Union used the U.N. as a platform to exert their influence globally
3. Describe the promise Stalin made to FDR at the Yalta Conference. FDR, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta towards the end of WWII to plan the postwar world: 1. Stalin promised free elections in Soviet-controlled Poland 2. Declaration of a Liberated Europe (the right of all people to choose their own government) 3. Germany divided into 4 zones(american, British, French, and Soviet)
SUPERPOWERS STRUGGLE OVER GERMANY At the end of the war, Germany was divided among the Allies into four zones for the purpose of occupation The U.S, France, and Great Britain decided to combine their 3 zones into one zone West Germany, or the federal Republic of Germany The U.S.S.R. controlled East Germany, or the German Democratic Republic Now the superpowers were occupying an area right next to each other problems were bound to occur
4. What was decided regarding reparations (fines) at the Potsdam Conference? At Potsdam, it was decided that each of the occupying nations would take reparations (fines) from their own zones as they saw fit Each nation had a different opinion on how to punish Germany for WWII
Argument between the U.S. and the Soviets over reparations (fines) towards Germany Stalin pushed for heavy reparations (fines) against Germany to keep her weak FDR (before his death) pushed for reparations based on Germany s ability to actually pay them back (much easier form of punishment)
5. Summarize American goals for Germany after WWII. Many Americans believed that economic depression was the main cause of WWII The United States believed that free trade and strong economies would help create a lasting peace in Europe and Asia *punish Germany but get her back on her feet economically to prevent another Hitler from taking power
6. Summarize Soviet goals for Germany after WWII. Soviets concerned mostly with security after WWII Their history is filled with German invasions Therefore there was a strong determination to keep a defeated Germany weak to prevent yet another invasion
SOVIETS DOMINATE EASTERN The Soviet Union suffered an estimated 21 million WWII deaths, half of whom were civilian As a result they felt justified in their claim to Eastern Europe Furthermore, they felt they needed Eastern Europe as a buffer against future German aggression EUROPE
Stopped Here
7. ID satellite nations and list them In a 1946 speech, Stalin said communism and capitalism were incompatible and another war was inevitable Stalin installed puppet communist governments in the Eastern European countries of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Poland, Yugoslavia and East Germany This after promising free elections for Eastern Europe at the Yalta Conference
So, this is the beginning of what history calls the Cold War so let s take a few minutes to understand what this all means
The Cold War defined Period of conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1991 Competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in politics, economy, military, education, science, space, sports, etc.
ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR The Cold War would dominate global affairs from 1945 until the breakup of the USSR in 1991 After being Allies during WWII, the U.S. and the Soviet Union soon viewed each other with increasing suspicion Their political differences created a climate of icy tension that plunged the two countries into an era of bitter rivalry known as the Cold War
POLITICAL DIFFERENCES At the heart of the tension was a fundamental difference in political systems America is a democracy that has a capitalist economic system, free elections and competing political parties In the U.S.S.R., the sole political party the Communists established a totalitarian regime with little or no rights for the citizens Soviets viewed Marx, Engels and Lenin as founders of Communism
Communism vs. Democracy
Definition of Communism An economic system characterized by the collective ownership of property and by the organization of labor for the common advantage of all members
Fundamentals of Communism Government controls these things: Property Business Free Speech Laws *the overall idea is that the government controls every aspect of its peoples lives in a communist state
Who were the major Communist powers of the 20 th century? The Soviet Union China East Germany Poland Czechoslovakia Romania Cuba North Korea North Vietnam
Who is still Communist today? China North Korea Cuba
Democracy defined Form of government, where a constitution guarantees basic personal and political rights, fair and free elections, and independent courts of law.
Fundamentals of Democracy We elect our leaders to speak on our behalf We have the right to voice opposition to our leaders without fear of punishment If you don t like something, we have the right to change it If we want something bad enough, we can most certainly achieve it
Truman s attitude towards Soviet Truman was strongly anti-communist and refused to give in to Soviet demands We must stand up to the Russians Continued to push for German economic recovery demands.
Truman possibly bullied Stalin into accepting the ideas discussed at Potsdam Truman mentioned that the U.S. had successfully tested an atomic bomb which Stalin believed was bullying Some believe Truman mentioned this to Stalin to pressure him into accepting American demands at Potsdam (end of WWII)
8. ID containment Containment keeping communism within its present territory through the use of diplomatic, economic, and military actions. Becomes American policy throughout the Cold War. *Communism could be beaten without going to war. See Joseph McCarthy (right)
9. Explain iron curtain and who coined the phrase? Europe was now divided into two political regions; a mostly democratic Western Europe and a communist Eastern Europe In a 1946 speech, British P.M Winston Churchill said, An iron curtain has descended across the continent The phrase iron curtain came to stand for the division of Europe between communism in the east and democracy in the west
10. Explain the Truman Doctrine. The American policy of containment soon expanded into a policy known as the Truman Doctrine This doctrine, first used in Greece and Turkey in the late 1940s, vowed for the U.S. to provide aid (money & military supplies) to support free peoples who are resisting outside pressures \ In other words, the U.S. would always support people resisting Communism worldwide
11. Summarize the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan helped Western Europe recover economically Post-war Europe was devastated economically In June 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall proposed a U.S. financial aid package to European nations effected by WWII Western Europe accepted the help, while Communist Eastern Europe rejected the aid Over the next four years 16 European countries received $13 billion in U.S. aid By 1952 Western Europe s economy was flourishing
Marshall Aid cartoon, 1947
Formation of West Germany U.S. felt Soviets were deliberately undermining German economy U.S., Britain, and France merge German and Berlin zones New territory becomes West Germany with separate economy but no military
Soviet reaction to West Germany In response to the Allies forming West Germany, the Soviet Union blockaded the western portion of Berlin to prevent the Allies or supplies from entering the city
June 24th, 1948 to May 12, 1949 No trains or automobiles could get in or out Soviets cut off all power and blockaded W. Berlin Soviets were hoping the Western Powers would pack up and leave Berlin to the Soviets. Berlin Blockade
Berliners struggle When the Soviets attempted to block the three Western powers from access to Berlin in 1948, the 2.1 million residents of West Berlin had only enough food for five weeks, resulting in a dire situation Like the whole of Germany, the city of Berlin was divided into four zones
1948 Food rationed to 800 calories per day. 370 calories 250 calories 310 calories Total of 940 Calories
12. Understand the significance of the Berlin Airlift. Not wanting to invade and start a war with the Soviets, America and Britain started the Berlin airlift to fly supplies into West Berlin For 327 days, planes took off and landed every few minutes, around the clock In 277,000 flights, they brought in 2.3 million tons of food, fuel and medicine to the West Berliners
Berlin Airlift Daily Portions 646 tons of flour 125 tons of cereal 64 tons of fat 100 tons of meat/fish 180 tons of potatoes 10 tons of coffee 144 tons of vegetables 10 tons of milk 38 tons of salt 10 tons of cheese 1500 tons in total 3000 tons of coal/fuel
The Candy Bomber American pilot, Gail Halvorsen decides to drop candy with homemade parachutes to children of West Berlin. Becomes Operation Little Vittles Before it was over, 25 plane crews dropped 23 tons of candy, gum, and chocolate on Berlin for the little German kids.
SOVIETS LIFT BLOCKADE Realizing they were beaten and suffering a public relations nightmare, the Soviets lifted their blockade in May, 1949 On Christmas 1948, the plane crews brought gifts to West Berlin
13. ID NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) To oppose Soviet aggression in Western Europe, a mutual defense alliance of democratic countries was formed (NATO) Included 12 countries (U.S., Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, and Iceland). Agreed to come to aid of each other if attacked Eventually, West Germany joined, forcing Soviets to create Warsaw Pact
Soviet Reaction to NATO: THE WARSAW PACT To counter the U.S. defense alliance (NATO), in 1955 the Soviets formed their own mutual defense alliance known as the Warsaw Pact
NATO WARSAW NEUTRAL
Chapter 18.2 The Cold War Heats Up
14. ID Chiang Kai-shek Leader of the nationalist government of China for two decades U.S. supported him in his fight against Communism Inefficient ruler who ran a very corrupt government
15. ID Mao Zedong MAO After Japan left China at the end of WWII, Chinese Nationalists and Communists fought a bloody civil war Despite the U.S. sending $billions to the Nationalists, the Communists under Mao won the war and ruled China Chiang and the Nationalists fled China to neighboring Taiwan (Formosa) Mao established the Communist People s Republic of China
16. Describe the American reaction to the Communist takeover in China The American public was shocked that China had fallen to the Communists This meant that the most populated country on the plane had become Communist Many believed containment had failed and communism was expanding American fear of communism and communist expansion was increasing
American policy toward Japan For fear of a communist takeover in post WWII Japan, U.S. policy changes New determination to build Japan up economically to best fight off Communism See Japan today (right) after WWII
17. KOREAN WAR (5 facts) Soviet controlled U.S. controlled Japan had taken over Korea in 1910 and ruled it until August 1945 Fact 1: As WWII ended, Japanese troops north of the 38 th parallel surrendered to the Soviets Japanese soldiers south of the 38 th surrendered to the Americans As in Germany, two nations developed, one communist (North Korea) and one democratic (South Korea)
NORTH KOREA ATTACKS SOUTH KOREA Fact 2: On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces swept across the 38 th parallel in a surprise attack on South Korea With only 500 U.S. troops in South Korea, the Soviets figured the Americans would not fight to save South Korea Instead, America sent troops, planes and ships to South Korea
United Nations (UN) and the Korean United Nations set up to assist to keep the peace in the world after WWII Each of the world s 39 nations would have one vote Security Council of 11 countries was used for international peace keeping Fact 3: U.N. intervened to aid South Korea from becoming Communist Conflict
MACARTHUR S COUNTERATTACK At first, North Korea seemed unstoppable However, General MacArthur launched a counterattack with tanks, heavy artillery, and troops Many North Koreans surrendered; others retreated across the 38 th parallel
CHINA JOINS THE FIGHT Fact 4: Just as it looked like the Americans were going to score a victory in the North, 300,000 Chinese soldiers joined the war on the side of the North Koreans The fight between North and South Korea had turned into a war in which the main opponents were Chinese Communists vs. America
MACARTHUR RECOMMENDS ATTACKING CHINA To halt the bloody stalemate, General MacArthur called for an extension of the war into China Fact 5: Furthermore, MacArthur called for the U.S. to drop atomic bombs on several Chinese cities President Truman rejected the General s requests
MACARTHUR VS. TRUMAN MacArthur continued to urge President Truman to attack China and tried to go behind his back Truman was furious with his general On April 1, 1951, Truman made the shocking announcement that he had fired MacArthur Americans were surprised and many still supported their fallen general Macarthur was given a ticker-tape parade
What do you think? Do you agree with MacArthur s willingness to drop the atomic bomb on North Korea to swiftly end the Korean conflict or was Truman correct in deciding to fight the war the old fashioned way?
What do you think part 2? Should Douglas MacArthur have received a ticker-tape parade from New York City even though he was technically fired from his job?
Should Lance Armstrong continue to be celebrated as an American hero? Won 7 straight Tour de France championships after overcoming cancer Created the Live Strong Organization to raise money and awareness for Cancer patients Was recently removed as the spokesperson for Live Strong due to increased speculation of Performance Enhancing Drug use for over a decade which he later admitted to Had his 7 Tour de France titles taken away because of the PED use
20. Summarize the stalemate which concluded the Korean War. Negotiators began working on a settlement as early as the summer of 1951 Finally, in July 1953, an agreement was signed that ended the war in a stalemate, or a tie (38th parallel) America s cost: 54,000 lives and $67 billion War resulted in a stalemate (no ground lost or gained) Korean War Memorial, Washington D.C.
Results of Korean Conflict No peace treaty ever signed North & South Korea officially still at war today No territory was gained or lost Over 54,000 Americans lost their lives during this conflict Successful containment of Communism (1950-1953)
38 th Parallel
38 th Parallel
38 th Parallel
38 th Parallel
38 th Parallel
Chapter 18.3 The Cold War at Home
THE COLD WAR AT HOME At the height of WWII, about 80,000 Americans claimed membership in the Communist Party Some feared that the first loyalty of these American Communists was to the Soviet Union Overall, Americans feared communist ideology, a world revolution and Soviet expansion Anti-Soviet cartoon
21. ID HUAC (House Un-American The HUAC was a government body which first made headlines in 1947 when it began investigating communist influence in the movie industry The committee believed that Communists were sneaking propaganda into films Activities Committee)
22. Explain the significance of the Hollywood Ten Ten witnesses who refused to cooperate with HUAC s investigation because they believed the proceedings were unconstitutional they were jailed Subsequently, the committee blacklisted 500 actors, directors, writers and producers whom they believed had communist connections The Blacklist Ten (and two lawyers)
23. ID Alger Hiss Nixon examines microfilm in Hiss case Alger Hiss was accused of being a spy for the Soviets A young Republican congressman named Richard Nixon gained fame by tirelessly prosecuting Hiss Hiss was found guilty and jailed less than four years later Nixon was VP He was elected President in 1968
24. ID Ethel and Julius Rosenberg New York couple who were members of the Communist party. Accused of heading a Soviet spy ring and passing atomic secrets to the Soviets. Tried and convicted of espionage, sentenced and executed by the electric chair in 1953. Many thought they were innocent and got caught up in anti- Communist wave. First American civilians executed for spying
25. ID Joseph McCarthy Joseph McCarthy U.S. Senator from Wisconsin. During Senate campaign, accused opponent of being Communistically inclined Proclaimed that Communists were a danger home and abroad. Began massive Communist witch hunt by accusing members of the state department (government)
26. Explain McCarthyism McCarthyism tactic of damaging reputations with vague and unfounded charges. Began witch hunt by claiming he had a list of over 200 government employees who were members of the Communist party Claimed the Democratic Party was guilty of 20 years of treason for allowing Communists to infiltrate the Government
MCCARTHY S DOWNFALL Finally, in 1954 McCarthy went too far He accused high ranking Army officers of being Communists In the televised proceedings McCarthy s bullying of witnesses alienated the national audience Three years later he died of alcoholism at age 49 McCarthy s attacking style and utter lack of evidence led to his downfall
McCarthyism vs. Salem Witch Trials
Which groups in the country were the most active in hunting for Communists? Fundamentalist Religious groups Mainly Catholic Leaders Many Catholic women were actively accusing people of being Communist
Anti-Communist propaganda during the McCarthy era
Chapter 18.4 Two Nations Live on the Edge An H-bomb test conducted by America near Bikini Island in Pacific Ocean, 1954 After World War II, the U.S. and U.S.S.R. competed in developing atomic and hydrogen bombs The Soviets tested their first atomic bomb in 1949 The U.S. began work on a bomb hundreds of times stronger than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima the hydrogen bomb
27. ID H-Bomb The hydrogen bomb was at least 67 times more powerful than the atomic bombs dropped on Japan First successful test in 1952, while the Soviets first tested theirs one year one year later in 1953
28. Describe brinkmanship Brinksmanship the willingness to go to the brink of nuclear war to force the other side to back down. Small attacks on small hills.will not end this war President Eisenhower threatens Chinese to use nuclear weapons to end Korean War as did the Russians. See Soviet missiles stashed in Cuba in 1962 (right)
Eisenhower s attitude towards the spread of Soviet Communism We must be prepared to use atomic weapons in all forms President Eisenhower
29. Explain the role of the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) during the Cold War As the Cold War heated up, the U.S. depended more and more on information compiled by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) The CIA used spies to gather information abroad to secretly attempt to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the U.S.
30. Understand the significance of Eisenhower needed a way to avoid Communist revolutions other than brinkmanship. Enlisted CIA to stage covert (secret) operations to prevent Communist uprisings in other countries. covert operations
Fighting Communism Covertly Eisenhower used the CIA to conduct hidden or covert operations to prevent Communist uprisings. Covert operations were conducted mainly in developing nations with agricultural economies. Sending money, supplies, weapons, or actual military to aid weaker nations in their fight against Communism
31. List the nations included in the Warsaw Pact and what do they all have in common? 1955- Defense treaty involving Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Soviet Union. Response to NATO defense treaty. Communist Alliance System
32. List the nations included in NATO and what do they all have in common? To oppose Soviet aggression in Western Europe, a mutual defense alliance of democratic countries was formed (NATO) Included 12 countries (U.S., Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, and Iceland). Agreed to come to aid of each other if attacked
33. Describe the space race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union during the Soviets beat U.S. to developing intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) On October 4, 1957, they launched Sputnik, the world s first artificial satellite Sputnik traveled around earth at 18,000 miles an hour, circling the globe every 96 minutes The Russians building ICBMs first and Sputnik proved America was falling behind in the space race Cold War.
NASA created in response to Sputnik National Aeronautics and Space Administration Created in 1958 in response to the success of the Soviet Space Program Coordinating rocket science, research, and space exploration
Background: U-2s spy on the Soviets In the late 1950s, the CIA began secret high-altitude spy missions over Soviet territory The U-2 s infra-red cameras took detailed pictures of Soviet troop movements & missile sites
34. Summarize the U-S spy plane incident and how it increased tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union Powers was released in 1962 in exchange for convicted Soviet spy Rudolph Abel On May 1, 1960, Gary Powers U-2 spy plane was shot down over Soviet territory Powers parachuted into Soviet territory, was captured and sentenced to 10-years in prison Because of this incident, the 1960s began with tension between the two superpowers as great as ever