What is suffrage? The right to vote
What is a colony? Territory occupied and administered by a foreign country
Who wanted to build the Cape to Cairo railway? Cecil Rhodes
What is the C to C an example of? Imperialism
Who won the Franco-Prussian War? Germany
Who wanted to isolate France? Bismark
What alliance did Germany & A-H sign in 1879? Double Alliance
Which country joined them in 1882? Italy
What was this called? Triple Alliance
What countries signed the Reinsurance Treaty? Germany & Russia
Who allowed this treaty to lapse? Kaiser Wilhelm II
What 2 ways did Germany begin to threaten Britain? Naval expansion Pursuit of colonies
What cause of WWI can be summed up as gold, glory and God? Economic Rivalry ~ Imperialism
Which former empire eventually became present day Turkey? Ottoman Empire
What was a Dreadnaught? Modern battleship (VERY expensive)
Alsace-Lorraine is a part of which country in 1914? Germany
Why is A-L so important? Coal Iron ore Pride
How are nationalism and ethnic nationalism different? Nationalism = love of one s country E.Natm. = love of one s ethnicity, culture, language, religion, etc.
What effect did ethnic nationalism have on Austria-Hungary? Caused tensions Threatened to break up A-H
What was Panslavism? Movement to unite all Slavic people
What happened to Bosnia in 1908? Annexed by Austria
What was the spark that started WWI? Assassination of Austrian Prince Franz Ferdinand
Who did this? Black Hand
What is an ultimatum? A demand whose rejection brings about a resort to forceful action
Which country gave which other country an ultimatum? Austria gave Serbia Britain gave Germany (after her attack on Belgium) USA gave Germany (re: u-boats)
What was Germany s strategic weakness? Being in the MIDDLE of Europe forced her to fight a 2 front war
What was the Schlieffen Plan? German military plan for quick victory Germany attacks France through Belgium Captures Paris quickly Intended to avoid a 2 front war
Which battle began trench warfare on the Western Front? First Battle of the Marne
What ship sinking causes the US to begin to side with Britain against Germany? Lusitania
What was the Zimmerman Telegram? Intercepted attempt by Germany to get Mexico to attack the US.
Which major battle did the Royal Newfoundland Regiment play a role in? Somme
What was the main reason for US entry into the war? Unrestricted submarine warfare
Why is the Battle of Tannenberg so important? Initially Russia surprised Germany In the end it was a tremendous defeat for Russia (beginning of the end for Russia)
What was the US stance on WWI in 1914? The US was neutral
When did the US enter the war? 1917
When did the first US soldiers arrive in Europe? 1918
What treaty ended the war for Russia? Brest-Litovsk
What was the last major battle of the war? Second Battle of the Marne
What is a temporary truce? Armistice
Which new technologies had a significant impact on the war? Machine guns Artillery Submarines
How did trench warfare contribute to stalemate on the Western Front? New technology and old strategies Machine guns, barbed wire, artillery etc. Frontal assaults, No-mans-Land War of attrition
How did the war affect Canada? Politically gained world status Economically - industrialization Socially - women
What were some of Wilson s 14 Points No secret alliances Freedom of the seas Free trade Reduce arms Alsace-Lorraine back to France Create Poland Create League of Nations
Unfairness of Versailles War guilt High Reparations Loss of territories No representation for some countries
What political ideology believes that class struggle leads to revolution.? Marxism
Who are the bourgeoisie? Wealthy people
Which political ideology is on the far left of the political spectrum? Communism
Who are the proletariat? Working class
Which political ideology is on the far right of the political spectrum? Fascism
What happened on Bloody Sunday? Tsar Nicholas II ordered his troops to shoot hungry protestors
What was Russia s parliament called? Duma
What was the October Manifesto (1905)? Tsar Nicholas II granted (fake) reforms to the people Duma without power Freedom of speech (censored) Some political parties allowed
What is abdication? When a monarch (king) quits
Which revolution led directly to the overthrow of the Czarist government in Russia? March Revolution
What was Alexander Kerensky s government called? Provisional Government
What is a soviet? Workers council
Which council of workers, soldiers and intellectuals undermined Kerensky? Petrograd Soviet
What party took power after the November Revolution? Bolsheviks
What agreement resulted in Russia s withdrawal from World War I? Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
What were the underlying causes of the Russian Revolution? Autocratic rule of Tsar Nicolas II Poverty of the peasants Demands for political reform Impact of WWI & Russo-Japanese war Influence of Rasputin
Why was Rasputin blamed for Russia s problems? Closeness to the tsarina (a German!) Trusted advisor for poor decisions Made the Tsar look weak
How did WWI help cause the Russian Revolution? Tsar Nicholas II personally took control so he was blamed for losses High casualties (Tannenburg) Conscription Poorly equipped soldiers People went hungry as food was diverted to soldiers
What does Peace, Bread, Land mean? Successful slogan used by Lenin to take power Peace end the war Bread- end food shortages Land peasants wanted their own land
Why did the Provisional Government fail? They stayed in the war They did nothing to address the land crisis
What was the Soviet secret police called? Cheka
What were the 2 sides in the Russian Civil War, and which side won? Reds and the Whites Reds won
Who were the kulaks? Independent farmers allowed to keep/sell a share of their produce
Which policy allowed the kulaks to thrive? Lenin s New Economic Policy (NEP)
Which 2 leaders remained after Lenin s death? Stalin & Trotsky
Who became the ultimate leader after Lenin? Stalin
What policies did Stalin use to stay in power? Totalitarian rule Silencing of critics Outlawed religion Used propaganda, controlled the media, Show Trials Used Gulags (labour camps) Purges Secret police
What were the main objectives of Stalin s Five Year Plans? For Russia to industrialize quickly and diversify from dependence on agriculture To strengthen Russia militarily To consolidate his power
How did he carry out the Five Year Plans? Collectivization gov t control of all agriculture Elimination of the kulaks Command economy Quick modernization, but millions died
How could US foreign policy be characterized immediately after WWI? Isolationist
How might the US economy of the 1920s be characterized? Booming Roaring
What were the causes of the Great Depression? Unequal distribution between rich & poor Overproduction Debt caused by too much credit Drought & land overuse Protectionism due to high tariffs Gov t inaction
Results of the depression Bankruptcies High unemployment Severe deprivation due to lack of social services Drop in consumption
Who is elected US president in 1933? Franklin Delano Roosevelt
What new economic policy did FDR introduce? New Deal
What was the basic idea behind the New Deal? Government must intervene to fix the economy
What are the characteristics of fascism? Extreme nationalism extolling racial purity & use of scapegoats Devotion to a dictator Use of violence & military strength Economic self-sufficiency
Characteristics of post WWI Italy. Resentment against Versailles High inflation Ineffective democracy Labour strife & fear of communism
Which para-military group did Mussolini form? Blackshirts
Which groups did the Blackshirts target? Communists & Socialists Unions & strikers Democratic organizations
Who supported Mussolini? Rich industrialsts & landowners Working people who wanted an end to all the instability Catholic Church Anti-communists
Which event helped to propel Mussolini into power? March on Rome
How did Mussolini consolidate his power? Assassinated leader of the Socialists Censorship Takes control of the police, military Bans all other political parties
What treaty did Mussolini sign with the pope? Lateran Treaty
What does Mussolini do to improve the Italian economy? Builds houses Builds roads Builds power plants
What happens to the German Kaiser in 1918? Abdicates
What government takes his place? Weimar Republic, a democracy
Why was Weimar so unpopular? It was blamed for signing Versailles Treaty Economy was bad Much political instability
Which 2 US economic plans helped the Germany economy? Dawes & Young
Which agreement was Germany s official recognition of its western borders? Locarno Pact
Which important international organization did Germany join in 1926? League of Nations
In which agreement did Germany promise to avoid use of war and violence in all international disputes? Kellogg-Briand Pact
What is the significance of each of the following?
Munich Beer Hall Putch Hitler s 1923 attempt to overthrow the Weimar government
Enabling Act Law passed by Hitler in 1933 giving him unlimited power
Gestapo Hitler s secret police
Anti-semitism Policy of being against Jewish people
Nuremburg Laws Laws passed by Hitler to take away the rights of Germany s Jewish population
Night of the Long Knives When Hitler consolidated his power by murdering his rivals - 1934
Kristallnacht Night of broken glass, 1938 violent Nazi crackdown against Jews
Lebensraum Hitler s concept of living space Gaining enough territory for the natural expansion of the Germanic people
Anschluss Concept of Pan-Germanism culminating in the union of Austria into a greater Germany
Mein Kampf My Struggle Book explaining Hitler s plans for Germany
What was the Cold War? The atmosphere of suspicion, distrust, rivalry and hostility between the US and the USSR
What was containment? American policy of stopping the expansion of communism by giving financial and military aid Key part of the Truman Doctrine
Who gave the Iron Curtain speech? Winston Churchill
Who gave the Two Hostile Camps speech? Stalin
What effect did these speeches have on Soviet-Western relations? They caused relations to deteriorate and tensions to increase
What was the Marshall Plan? Program of financial assistance from the US to European countries devastated by WWII
What is NATO? North Atlantic Treaty Organization An alliance of western countries to counter the communist threat
What organization was created in response to NATO? Warsaw Pact
What were the first members of NATO? Canada USA GB France Belgium Holland Denmark Norway Iceland Italy Portugal Luxembourg
What were the first members of the Warsaw Pact? Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania
What was the USSR s response to the Marshall Plan? The Molotov Plan
How was the Molotov Plan different from the Marshall Plan? Didn t offer loans offered trade agreements
Which part of the UN has the real power? Security Council
Who are the 5 permanent members of the Security Council? USA USSR China GB France
What special power does each of these countries have? Veto power
This part of the UN allows each world member one vote? General Assembly
Who is the CEO of the UN? The Secretary-General Currently that is Antonio Guterres
What was the Uniting for Peace resolution? Amendment passed by the UNSC in 1950 in response to the Korean War It allowed the General Assembly to authorize action if the Security Council was deadlocked
Who was leader of communist North Vietnam? Ho Chi Minh
What was the name of the supporters of communism in North Vietnam? Viet Minh
What was the name of the supporters of communism in South Vietnam? Viet Cong
Who started the Berlin Blockade? Stalin
How did the west respond to the blockade? Airlifted supplies 24/7 Placed embargo on East Germany
Which leader was victorious in the Chinese Civil War? Mao Zedong
Which leader was defeated in the Chinese Civil War? Chiang Kai-shek He was forced to retreat to what island? Taiwan
Who was the corrupt, pro- American dictator of Cuba? Batista Who overthrew him? Fidel Castro
What did the US do in response? Imposed a trade embargo Organized an invasion of Cuba Name of this invasion? Bay of Pigs
Who were the 2 leaders of the US and USSR at this time? John F. Kennedy Nikita Khrushchev
What did the USSR do to help Cuba after the Bay of Pigs? Shipped nuclear missiles and built bases to launch them
What did the US promise to do in order to have the USSR remove the missiles? Promise never to invade Cuba Had to end the naval blockade Had to remove US missiles from Turkey
Which line of latitude was used to separate North, South Korea? 38 th North & South Vietnam? 17th
Why didn t the USSR veto the Security Council s decision to intervene in Korea? They were boycotting the SC Why? Because Taiwan was still sitting as China even though Mao and the communists had taken over all of mainland China
What military leader wanted to use nuclear weapons in Korea? US General Douglas MacArthur How did President Truman respond to this? He fired MacArthur
Who succeeded JFK? LBJ Lyndon B. Johnson
What excuse did the US use to justify massive intervention in Vietnam? Gulf of Tonkin incident
Why did the US lose the Vietnam War? SV corruption No support from Vietnamese people Viet Cong well armed and motivated Ho Chi Minh Trail Viet Cong guerrilla tactics Most Americans were opposed to war
In what ways did the superpowers engage in rivalry? Space Race Arms Race (ICBMs) Olympics
What term is used to describe the thawing of relations during the Cold War? Detente
What are some examples of detente? SALT Treaties Respect for spheres of influence Opening of trade, culture, sports
What Is the Strategic Defense Initiative better known as? Star Wars
Name the Soviet leader most responsible for the collapse of the USSR Gorbachev
What was the Soviet Vietnam? Afghanistan
What was Gorbachev s economic restructuring called? Perestroika
What is Perestroika? Changing the Soviet economy from a planned economy to a market economy
What were some of the results of Perestroika? Inflation Shortages protests
What was Gorbachev s policy of openness called? Glasnost
In which Soviet republic did ethnic tension rise to civil war? Chechnya
Which Eastern European countries voted out their communist governments after Glasnost? Poland Czechoslovakia Hungary
Which leader was able to keep Yugoslavia united through much of post WW2? Tito