APPEDIX FOR: Democracy, Hybrid Regimes, and Infant Mortality: A Cross- ational Analysis of Sub-Saharan African ations By Katherine E. Wullert and John B. Williamson Appendix A: Table A1 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub-Saharan African ations including more than four predictors, Quadratic Democracy Appendix B: Polity2 Score Appendix C: Tables A2 and A3 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub-Saharan African ations, Outlier Removed Appendix D: Tables A4 and A5 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub-Saharan African ations, Outlier Left as is Appendix E: Table A6 Polity2 scores and Infant Mortality Rate for Sub-Saharan African ations Appendix F: Tables A7 and A8 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub-Saharan African ations using Multiple Imputation Appendix G: Table A9 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub-Saharan African ations, Cubic Democracy
Appendix A: Table A1 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub- Saharan African ations including more than four predictors, Quadratic Democracy A1.1 A1.2 A1.3 A1.4 A1.5 A1.6 A1.7 A1.8 A1.9 Democracy 1.682 1.110 1.925* 2.078* 2.386** 2.165* 1.183 1.358 2.889** Democracy 2-1.865-1.316-2.185* -2.222* -2.570** -2.378** -1.344-1.509* -3.121** GDP/capita -.240 -.394 -.0 -.255.114 -.013 Inc Inequality -.013.098 Ethnic Frac.133.205 -.222 Health Expend.267.214.407.516 Improved Water -.365* -.7* -.407* -.5** Secondary Edu -.246 -.321 F/M Sec Edu -.244 -.245 -.7* HIV Prevalence.105 36 36 39.172.207.327.391.0.3.7.245.555
Appendix B: Polity2 score The Polity2 score is taken from the Polity IV Project, an extensive dataset detailing regime characteristics of some 162 polities as far back as 1800. This source has undergone many modifications from the original Polity I dataset, which considered the persistence and adaptability of various polities, to its present form. In its current iteration, the Polity IV data separately measures institutionalized democracy and autocracy and then combines these scores by subtracting the autocracy score from the democracy score to create the Polity2 score used in this analysis. The coding scheme used by the Polity IV Project is exceptionally detailed and complex, but in its most simplistic form is built on the analysis of certain basic elements or principles of democracy and of autocracy. Democracy is conceptualized to have three distinct elements: (1) institutions that allow citizens to voice a preference for different leaders or policies; (2) institutionalized constraints on executive power; and (3) the guarantee of basic civil liberties to all citizens. These elements are quantified into four variables, given different weights: competitiveness of executive recruitment, openness of executive recruitment, constraints on the chief executive, and competitiveness of political
participation. These variables form a composite score for each polity on an 11-point scale from 0 to 10. Autocracies similarly are conceptualized to have three basic elements. Political participation in an autocracy is greatly restricted or suppressed, the process of selection for the chief executive is regularized but occurs only within the political elite, and there are few constraints on the executive s power once he or she is in office. As with democracy, four weighted variables form the composite 11-point scale and serve to quantify a country s level of autocracy: competitiveness of executive recruitment, openness of executive recruitment, regulation of political participation, and competitiveness of participation. Together, these two scores form the Polity2 score used in this analysis. This score is the difference of the two, with a country s autocracy score subtracted from its democracy score for a given year. This allows for a single score that represents three regime types: autocracy, anocracy, and democracy. Though a single score has great utility for quantifying regime type and this score has been widely used, the authors of the Polity IV Project do caution that this score may muddle the distinctiveness of those countries that have elements of both autocracy and democracy, the anocracies. Specifically, it is possible for such countries to attain the
same composite Polity score while having different values for the separate democracy and autocracy scores. For further information, see the online codebook for the Polity IV Project: http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/p4manualv2012.pdf
Appendix C: Table A2 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub- Saharan African ations, Linear Democracy, Outlier Removed A2.1 A2.2 A2.3 A2.4 A2.5 A2.6 A2.7 A2.8 A2.9 Democracy -.186 -.144 -.157 -.155 -.079 -.073 -.058 -.135 -.202 GDP/capita -.5** -.280 -.379*.0004 -.219 -.378* Inc Inequality -.045 Ethnic Frac.178 Health Expend -.387* Improved Water -.497*** Secondary Edu -.563* F/M Sec Edu -.380* HIV Prevalence.013 35 40 40.035.205.046.235.173.269.340.311.202
Appendix C: Table A3 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub- Saharan African ations, Quadratic Democracy, Outlier Removed A3.1 A3.2 A3.3 A3.4 A3.5 A3.6 A3.7 A3.8 A3.9 Democracy 2.400*** 1.762 1.199 1.602 1.994* 1.897** 1.4 1.514 1.817 Democracy 2-2.635*** -1.965* -1.367-1.806-2.187* -2.036** -1.553-1.700-2.088* GDP/capita -.194 -.171 -.187.146 -.053 -.145 Inc Inequality -.024 Ethnic Frac.120 Health Expend -.127 Improved Water -.371** Secondary Edu -.518* F/M Sec Edu -.329* HIV Prevalence.015 35 40 40.287.294.153.307.283.405.391.372.299
Appendix D: Table A4 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub- Saharan African ations, Linear Democracy, Outlier Left as is A4.1 A4.2 A4.3 A4.4 A4.5 A4.6 A4.7 A4.8 A4.9 Democracy -.180 -.137 -.158 -.1 -.092 -.066 -.075 -.129 -.188 GDP/capita -.6** -.299 -.375*.086 -.2 -.371* Inc Inequality -.048 Ethnic Frac.194 Health Expend -.322* Improved Water -.501*** Secondary Edu -.450 F/M Sec Edu -.340* HIV Prevalence -.025 44 36 44.033.204.120.240.129.271.298.288.200
Appendix D: Table A5 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub- Saharan African ations, Quadratic Democracy, Outlier Left as is 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Democracy 2.4*** 1.860* 1.385 1.679 2.326** 1.929** 1.619 1.679 1.900* Democracy 2-2.673*** -2.059* -1.556-1.880* -2.549** -2.064** -1.756-1.864* -2.161* GDP/capita -.180 -.170 -.173.087 -.054 -.126 Inc Inequality -.023 Ethnic Frac.132 Health Expend -.025 Improved Water -.367** Secondary Edu -.404 F/M Sec Edu -.284 HIV Prevalence -.019 44 36 44.298.303.180.319.287.2.364.363.305
Appendix E: Table A6 Polity2 scores and Infant Mortality Rate for Sub-Saharan African ations Country Pol2 IMR Angola -3 104.6 Gambia -5 50.7 Rwanda -4.7 Benin 6 62.3 Ghana 2 51.1 Sao Tome & -- 40.1 Principe Botswana 8.6 Guinea -1 69.9 Senegal 8.3 Burkina Faso -3 70.1 Guinea-Bissau 5 85.2 Seychelles -- 11.7 Burundi -1 71.1 Kenya -2 51.7 Sierra 0 122.7 Leone Cabo Verde 8 20.1 Lesotho 4 76.8 Somalia 0 95.6 Cameroon -4 65.0 Liberia 0 60.8 South 9 35 Central African Rep. Africa 5 95.4 Madagascar 7.6 South Sudan -- 71.2 Chad -2 93.1 Malawi 6 52.6 Sudan -7 52 Comoros -1 60.9 Mali 6 83.4 Swaziland -9 61.2 Congo, Dem. 0 104.5 Mauritania 6 66.8 Tanzania -1.5 Rep. Congo, Rep. -6 65.5 Mauritius 10 12.9 Togo -2 65.1 Cote d Ivoire 4 79.8 Mozambique 5 71.1 Uganda -4 51.2 Eritrea -6 39.5 amibia 6 31.1 Zambia 1 62.9 Ethiopia 1 51.0 iger 5 67.1 Zimbabwe -3 59.3 Gabon -4 45.3 igeria 4 82.6
Appendix F: Table A7 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub- Saharan African ations using Multiple Imputation, Linear Democracy A7.1 A7.2 A7.3 A7.4 A7.5 A7.6 A7.7 A7.8 A7.9 Democracy -.250 -.172 -.165 -.172 -.099 -.100 -.055 -.156 -.172 GDP/capita -.493*** -.495*** -.4** -.072 -.315* -.466** Inc Inequality.052 Ethnic Frac.215 Health Expend -.459** Improved Water -.549*** Secondary Edu -.540* F/M Sec Edu -.334* HIV Prevalence -.057.065.301.307.3.253.344.387.380.306
Appendix F: Table A8 OLS Estimates (Standardized) of 2010 Infant Mortality for Sub- Saharan African ations using Multiple Imputation, Quadratic Democracy A8.1 A8.2 A8.3 A8.4 A8.5 A8.6 A8.7 A8.8 A8.9 Democracy 2.512*** 1.659 1.638 1.1 1.951* 1.867** 1.573 1.3 1.602 Democracy 2-2.809*** -1.897* -1.869* -1.703-2.167* -2.039** -1.698* -1.648-1.931* GDP/capita -.281 -.287 -.249.083 -.153 -.2 Inc Inequality.044 Ethnic Frac.169 Health Expend -.215 Improved Water -.3** Secondary Edu -.495* F/M Sec Edu -.293* HIV Prevalence -.062.326.375.378.401.354.464.446.5.382
Appendix G: Table A9 OLS Estimates of 2010 (Standardized) Infant Mortality for Sub-Saharan African ations, Cubic Democracy A9.1 A9.2 A9.3 A9.4 A9.5 A9.6 A9.7 A9.8 A9.9 Democracy -1.798-2.032-2.793-2.557-1.929 -.864-1.60-2.626-2.299 Democracy 2 7.498 7.597 8.861 8.545 7.809 4.772 6.339 8.797* 8.282 Democracy 3-6.079* -5.920* -6.368-6.357* -6.277* -4.167-5.018-6.522* -6.3* GDP/capita -.096 -.106 -.079.128 -.065 -.008 Inc Inequality -.026 Ethnic Frac.173 Health Expend -.034 Improved Water -.288* Secondary Edu -.354 F/M Sec Edu -.335* HIV Prevalence -.126 44 36 44.399.396.279.3.392.460.444.481.404