French on the Mexican-American border Expansion Alaska Midway Islands left alone to pursue interests Reducing army and navy No longer interested in Caribbean Intervention confined to Latin America Europe Developing Germany (1871) Ethnic issues in the Austro-Hungarian Empire They re busy with their own issues
1865 to 1898
Economic reasons Markets new markets for trade Help economy when domestic consumption drops Competing against European powers in Latin America and Asia Investment offset foreign investment in U.S. Allow Americans overseas investment
Political reasons Competition with Europe Had carved up Africa carving up China Spheres of Influence Interest in Latin America Monroe Doctrine? Japan Modernized and looking to expand
Social reasons Racism Anglo-Saxon (white) peoples superior Social Darwinism Religion Spread Christianity Psychological The frontier was gone (Turner thesis) Manifest Destiny (part two)
Alfred Thayer Mahan (Naval captain) The Influence of Seapower upon History in 1890 World powers have controlled seas Foreign markets for goods Merchant marine for trade Coaling stations for refueling Access to foreign ports (Hawaii, Samoa) Naval power Needed strong navy (battleships) Inter-oceanic canal easier transport Atlantic and Pacific Caribbean bases
President Harrison: two-ocean navy President Cleveland anti-expansionist ordered more battleships
Venezuela crisis Cleveland invoked Monroe Doctrine British agreed to arbitration America: protector of Western Hemisphere America starting to become recognized as a world power
Hawaii Samoa
Good for natural resources Sugarcane Good refueling station Pearl Harbor Other countries interested Britain Japan France U.S. treaties with Kingdom of Hawaii 1875 no tariff on sugar imports 1887 naval rights to Pearl Harbor
constitutional monarchy under King Kalakaua dies in 1891; replaced by sister Queen Liliuokalani American businessmen had large sugar plantations
McKinley Tariff (1890) tariffs on sugar Ruined Hawaiian economy Queen Liliuokalani needs to fix economy New constitution gave Queen more power
Americans in Hawaii: don t like constitution 1893 Marines landed to protect American interests Queen overthrown and arrested Provisional government set up Sanford Dole president
Dole wants U.S. to annex Harrison wants to annex Cleveland replaces Harrison Overthrow was illegal Refuses annexation
Republic of Hawaii established Sanford Dole president McKinley supports annexation 1898: Republic of Hawaii dissolved Territory of Hawaii annexed Dole territorial governor
Refueling station between U.S. and Australia Germans interested Islands split Today American Samoa (American territory) Samoa (former German portion) independent nation
1898
Spanish possession America interested pre Civil War Cubans had revolted 1896: new governor Valeriano Wyler
Wyler brutal concentration camps About 200,000 Cubans died Looked to U.S. for help Largest Cuban populations New York City Florida
Competing newspapers New York Journal (William Randolph Hearst) New York World (Joseph Pulitzer) Use headlines to inflame public
WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST JOSEPH PULITZER
Inflammatory headlines (true or not) known as yellow journalism color of print Jingoism Aggressive foreign policy due to extreme patriotism We are right no matter what Hearst and Pulitzer sent reporters/artists to Cuba Artist Frederick Remington to Hearst, There is no war. Request to be recalled." William Randolph Hearst s reply, "Please remain. You furnish the pictures, I'll furnish the war."
Cleveland No war Protect American interests investment in sugarcane may draw Europe in protect future canal Cleveland s message to Spain Get Cuba under control or we may have to!
McKinley Doesn t want war Protect American interests Less tolerant of Spanish atrocities Push for war Press Jingoistic Republicans (Theodore Roosevelt, etc.) McKinley not ready yet
Recalled Governor Weyler to Spain Offered Cuba eventual self-rule, not independence Spanish loyalists didn t want Cubans in charge Cuban rebels demanded full independence
DeLome letter (February 9, 1898) Called McKinley weak Spanish not taking Americans seriously Published in Journal U.S.S. Maine American battleship anchored in Havana harbor Night of February 15 th the Maine exploded 262 sailors died 52 were injured Only 89 survived
http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=ewt6 GoCw9XM&feature= player_embedded Explosion blamed on Spanish mines Battle cry: Remember the Maine! 1977: discovered coal dust ignited setting off gunpowder
March 27 McKinley gives Spain ultimatum Six month armistice Eliminate concentration camps Mediate with rebels (U.S. mediator) Cuban independence April 9 Spanish reaction Agreed to armistice and camps Refused mediation and independence April 11 McKinley asked Congress to authorize sending troops
April 19 Congress passed joint resolutions supporting Cuban independence Teller Amendment (U.S. won t take Cuba) Demanded Spanish withdrawal Authorized President to use military force April 20 McKinley signed resolution; forwarded to Spain April 21 Spain broke off diplomatic relations U.S. navy blockaded Cuba April 23 Spain declared war on U.S. April 25 Congress declared war on Spain
How would the south react? Many southerners volunteered Helped heal McKinley appoints former Confederate Joe Wheeler as a commander Boys we ve got those damn Yankees on the run! First time U.S. troops overseas to fight
Base: Tampa, Florida Army NOT prepared 28,000 regular troops (mostly Indian fighters) No tropical uniforms; heavy wool McKinley: 125,000 volunteers; 200,000 showed Theodore Roosevelt and the Roughriders Lack of weapons, food, sanitation, uniforms No plans to get troops to Cuba Navy Much better prepared than army New battleships play a key role
April 23 Commodore George Dewey ordered from Hong Kong to Philippines May 1 American fleet destroys Spanish fleet (Manila Bay) One sailor died of heat stroke June 20 Captain Henry Glass takes Guam July Congress annexes Hawaii August 13 Manila falls to the Americans
Cuba American troops land in June Initial Spanish victories Santiago becomes the key July 1 American troops take key fortifications (San Juan Hill, Kettle Hill) July 3 American navy destroys Spanish navy in Santiago harbor August 7 Army leaves Cuba; occupation force left behind
Puerto Rico May 10 American ships shell San Juan June 25 San Juan harbor blockaded; American troops land Series of battles: June to August August 12 Spain sued for peace
John Hay: A splendid little war New possessions The Philippines Puerto Rico Guam American casualties Battlefield deaths = 332 Battlefield wounded = 1,641 Death from disease (yellow fever and malaria) = 2,957
Treaty of Paris December 10, 1898 Ratified by Senate (one vote) February 10, 1899 Provisions $20 million to Spain for Philippines Cuban independence (Platt Amendment) Cuba couldn t sign treaties endangering it U.S. has right to intervene if necessary Guantanamo Bay naval base End of Spanish Empire
1898-1917
Anti-imperialist sentiment Hypocrisy We were once part of an empire, how could we subject others to it? Constitutionality no provision for overseas acquisitions Are new peoples (Filipinos/Puerto Ricans) citizens?
Anti-imperialist sentiment Mugwumps Created Anti-Imperialist League Labor Samuel Gompers Didn t want to compete with cheap labor Jane Addams Against maternal instincts of women William Jennings Bryan
Thought they got independence Reality: from one imperial power (Spain) to another (U.S.) Led by Emilio Aguinaldo led guerilla forces against Spanish fought with Americans during war Turned on Americans with no independence began February 4, 1899
Atrocities on both sides American Concentration camps scorched earth Water torture Filipino Torture of Americans Mutilation Burying captives alive
Aguinaldo captured April 1, 1901; swore loyalty oath to U.S. General Miguel Malvar took over Malvar defeated April, 1902 William H. Taft governor; set up legal system, legislative body
Guerilla fighters continued until 1913 1916: U.S. granted eventual independence 3,216 Americans killed Over 200,000 Filipinos killed? Cost about $600 million Worth it?
Theodore Roosevelt (new President) believed in military strength U.S. and Europe the policemen controlling backwards peoples
British struggling with traditional relationships Colonial conflicts with France and Russia Criticized for Boer War in South Africa challenged by Germany Looked to U.S. for friendship Hay-Pauncefote Agreement (1901) U.S.: exclusive rights to Central American canal Canadian-Alaskan boundary dispute Sided with Americans Gave U.S. access to Klondike gold fields Roosevelt: natural relationship between U.S. and Britain
Speak softly and carry a big stick U.S.: back up policy with force if necessary Believed in Mayhan s ideas Built naval strength 1907 Great White Fleet goodwill tour
Panama Canal Need during Spanish- American War USS Oregon Obstacles Purchase assets from French attempt Negotiate with Colombia
Colombia refused to negotiate Philippe Bunau-Varilla Negotiating French sale Aware of Panamanian independence movement
Roosevelt ordered warships to Panama Colombia didn t want war with U.S. Three days later, (Nov. 7, 1903) U.S. recognized Panamanian independence John Hay and Bunau- Varilla created treaty for canal; U.S. paid $10 million
Successful because Discovered cause of malaria and yellow fever (mosquito) Cleared swamps Engineering wonder 48 miles long Completed August, 1914
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine U.S. policeman of Latin America U.S. interventions Cuba 1906-09, 1917-22 Nicaragua 1909-10, 1912-25 Mexico 1914-17 Haiti 1915-34 Dominican Republic 1916-24
Taft s Foreign Policy Focus on U.S. investment in Latin America Protect American interests Use money to influence positive outcomes Sugar cane and fruit companies Banana Republic
Wilson s Foreign Policy Promote American democratic principles Unfair of U.S. to economically exploit developing nations Sent troops to Haiti and the Dominican Republic to restore order
1910 Revolution led to instability Dictator Porfirio Diaz overthrown Francisco Madero replaced him pushing democratic reforms 1913 Madero was murdered and replaced by Victoriano Huerta
Wilson refused to recognize Huerta 1914 American sailors detained in Veracruz Wilson sends Marines; U.S. occupies Veracruz until November when Huerta is removed
1915 Emiliano Zapata (south) and Pancho Villa (north) share power U.S. supports Alvaro Obregon Villa raids across border into U.S. Columbus, NM kills 16 Americans
General John Pershing sent to Mexico to find Villa One year and 500 miles later, Pershing can t find Villa Because of European war Wilson withdraws Pershing and troops
Trade opportunities in China Britain, Germany, France, Japan, and Russia carved out spheres of influence Trade controlled within each sphere U.S. fears being shut out
1899 U.S. Secretary of State John Hay issued the Open Door Notes All countries have same right of access to Chinese markets 1900 Boxer Rebellion Chinese nationalists Boxers revolted Wanted foreigners out U.S. sent troops; aided Europeans
1900 Open Door Policy Chinese territorial integrity respected Equal access of trade for all European nations Didn t agree Chose not to fight it U.S. took as acceptance
Japan Quickly becoming a military power Defeated China in a war in 1894-95 Defeated Russia in a war 1904-05 Roosevelt brokered peace; won Nobel Peace Prize Any other powers in the Pacific?
1907 Gentlemen s Agreement Racism on west coast (especially California) California restricted immigration Roosevelt got Japan to agree Japanese highly insulted Led to competition and mistrust between U.S. and Japan