1. In the presidential election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant a. Transformed his personal popularity into a large majority in the popular vote b. Owed his victory to the votes of former slaves c. Demonstrated his political skill d. All of these 2. A major cause of the panic that broke in 1873 was a. The issuance of millions of dollars in greenbacks b. The expansion of more factories, railroads, and mines than existing markets would bear c. A credit crunch caused by extremely high interest rates d. Excessive speculation in mining stocks 3. The national railroad strike of 1877 started when a. President Hayes refused to use troops to keep the trains running b. The four largest railroads cut salaries by 10 percent c. Working hours were cut back by the railroad companies d. The railroads tried to hire Chinese workers 4. During the Gilded Age, most of the railroad barons a. Rejected government assistance b. Built their railroads with federal land grants and loans c. Refused to get involved in politics d. Focused on public service 5. The American system of mass manufacture of standardized, interchangeable parts provided strong incentives for U.S. capitalists to a. Hire American workers rather than foreign immigrants b. Replace skilled labor with machinery c. Build extremely large factories in dedicated industrial districts d. Pay higher wages to retain a steady workforce 6. Believers in the doctrine of survival of the fittest, like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, believed that a. Only a few large corporations were fit to survive in the industrial jungle b. There should be eugenic biological breeding to produce a superior human race c. Fitness to survive and thrive could be proven through physical competition d. The wealthy deserved their riches because they had demonstrated greater abilities than the poor 7. The development of electric trolleys in the late nineteenth century transformed the American city by a. Enabling cities to build upward as well as outward b. Separating the mass transportation of the working class from the private vehicles of the wealthy c. Enabling cities to plan streets along regular grid lines d. Creating distinct districts devoted to residential neighborhoods, commerce, and industry 8. Settlement houses, such as Hull House, engaged in all of the following activities EXCEPT a. Child care b. Instruction in English c. Cultural activities d. Evangelical religious instruction 9. In criticizing Booker T. Washington s educational emphasis on manual labor and industrial training, W.E.B. DuBois emphasized instead that black education should concentrate on a. Education for political action b. Developing separate black schools and colleges c. Primary and secondary education d. An intellectually gifted talented tenth 10. In the warfare that raged between the Indians and the American military after the Civil War a. Indians were never as well armed as the soldiers b. The U.S. army was able to dominate with its superior technology c. There was often great cruelty and massacres on both sides d. Indians proved to be no match for the soldiers Page 1 of 8
11. To assimilate Indians into American society, the Dawes Act did all of the following EXCEPT a. Dissolve many tribes as legal entities b. Wipe out tribal ownership of land c. Promise Indians U.S. citizenship in twenty-five years d. Outlaw the sacred Sun Dance 12. The Farmers Alliance was originally formed to a. Break the economic grip of the railroads through farmers cooperatives b. Drive up farm prices by reducing crop production c. Advance agriculturally useful education in state land-grant colleges d. Undermine eastern bankers by providing low-cost loans to farmers 13. In the election of 1896, the major issue became a. Restoration of protective tariffs b. Enactment of an income tax c. The rights of farmers and industrial workers d. Free and unlimited coinage of silver 14. In the aftermath of the Civil War a. Americans retained a strong sense of idealistic sacrifice b. The North developed a strong sense of moral superiority c. Concern for racial questions took precedence over economics d. Waste, speculation, and corruption affected both business and government 15. Despite the lack of national political issues, Gilded Age elections often produced fierce local contests over culturally and religiously charged issues like a. Prohibition and education b. Race relations and racial justice in the South c. Sexual morality and women s rights d. The phrase In God We Trust on American currency 16. Labor unrest in the 1870s and 1880s resulted in a. Congress s passing legislation supporting the formation of unions b. A ban on Irish immigration c. The use of federal troops during strikes d. Growing middle class support for labor 17. The greatest economic consequence of the transcontinental railroad network was that it a. Spread the U.S. population across the whole continent b. Made it possible for some immigrants to settle in the West c. United the nation into a single, integrated national market d. Developed a skilled industrial workforce 18. To help corporations, the courts ingeniously interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment, which was designed to protect the rights of ex-slaves, so as to a. Help freedmen to work in factories b. Incorporate big businesses c. Allow the captains of industry to avoid paying taxes d. Avoid corporate regulation by the states 19. The New Immigrants who came to the United States after 1880 a. Had experience with democratic governments b. Arrived primarily from Germany, Sweden, and Norway c. Were culturally different from previous immigrants d. Received a warm welcome from the Old Immigrants 20. Labor unions favored immigration restriction because most immigrants were all of the following EXCEPT a. Opposed to factory labor b. Used as strikebreakers c. Willing to work for lower wages d. Difficult to unionize Page 2 of 8
21. The public library movement across America was greatly aided by the generous financial support from a. The federal government s Morrill Act b. Andrew Carnegie c. John D. Rockefeller d. Women s organizations 22. The Indians battled whites for all the following reasons EXCEPT to a. Rescue their families who had been exiled to Oklahoma b. Avenge savage massacres of Indians by whites c. Defend their lands against white invaders d. Preserve their nomadic way of life against forced settlement 23. One major problem with the Homestead Act was that a. The government continued to try to maximize its revenue from public lands b. 160 acres were inadequate for productive farming on the rain-scarce Great Plains c. Most homesteaders knew little or nothing about farming in the West d. It took several years to earn a profit from a homestead 24. During the 1892 presidential election, large numbers of southern white farmers refused to desert the Democratic Party and support the Populist Party because a. They did not think the Populists represented their political interests b. They were not experiencing the same hard times as Midwestern farmers c. The history of racial division in the region mad it hard to cooperate with blacks d. They believed that too many Populists were former Republicans 25. The 1896 presidential election marked the last time that a. Rural America would defeat urban America b. A third-party candidate had a serious chance at the White House c. Factory workers would favor inflation d. A serious effort to win the White House would be made with mostly agrarian votes 26. In the late nineteenth century, those political candidates who campaigned by waving the bloody shirt were reminding voters a. That the Republican party had fought and won the Civil War b. That the Civil War had been caused by the election of a Republican president c. were reminding voters of the "treason" of the Confederate Democrats during the Civil War. d. That radical Republicans catered to freed slaves during Reconstruction 27. During the Gilded Age, the lifeblood of both the Democratic and the Republican parties was a. The Roman Catholic Church b. Ideological commitment c. Big-city political machines d. Political patronage 28. In the wake of anti-chinese violence in California, the United States Congress a. Negotiated a restricted-immigration agreement with China b. Did nothing, as it was California s problem c. Sent many Chinese back to their homeland d. Passed a law prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers to America 29. Which of the following was NOT among the common forms of corruption practiced by the wealthy railroad barons? a. Bribing judges and state legislatures b. Forcing their employees to buy railroad company stock c. Watering railroad stocks and bonds in order to sell them at inflated prices d. Receiving kickbacks from powerful shippers 30. Match each entrepreneur below with the field of enterprise with which he is historically identified A. Andrew Carnegie 1. Interlocking directorate B. John D. Rockefeller 2. trust C. J. Pierpont Morgan 3. Vertical integration 4. Pool a. A-2, B-4, C-1 b. A-3, B-2, C-4 c. A-3, B-2, C-1 Page 3 of 8
d. A-1, B-3, C-2 31. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act prohibited a. Companies from signing contracts without competitive bidding b. The federal government from favoring one business corporation over another c. The same corporation from doing business under different names d. Private corporations or organizations from engaging in combinations in restraint of trade 32. New Immigrant groups were regarded with special hostility by many nativist Americans because a. Most Americans considered Italian, Greek, or Jewish culture inferior to their own b. In many New Immigrant families, women were kept in distinctly subordinate roles c. New Immigrants were often more politically loyal to their homelands than to the United States d. Their religions were distinctly different and some New Immigrants were politically radical 33. The two major sources of funding for the powerful new American research universities were a. State land grants and wealthy, philanthropic industrialists b. The federal government and local communities c. Income from successful patents and corporate research grants d. Churches and numerous private individual donors 34. The two late-nineteenth-century newspaper publishers whose competition for circulation fueled the rise of sensationalistic yellow journalism were a. Horatio Alger and Harlan E. Halsey b. Henry Adams and Henry James c. Henry George and Edward Bellamy d. William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer 35. A new round of warfare between the Sioux and U.S. Army began in 1874 when a. Sioux Chief Crazy Horse began an effort to drive all whites from Montana and the Dakotas b. Colonel George Custer led an expedition to Little Big Horn, Montana c. Colonel George Custer discovered gold on Sioux land in the Black Hills d. The federal government announced that it was opening all Sioux lands to settlement 36. The root cause of the American farmers problems after 1880 was a. Foreign competition b. The declining number of farms and farmers c. The shortage of farm machinery d. Low prices and a deflated currency 37. Jacob Coxey and his army marched on Washington, D.C., to a. Demand a larger military budget b. Protest the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act c. Demand that the government relieve unemployment with a public works program d. Try to promote a general strike of all workers 38. Match each individual with his role in the Pullman strike: A. Richard Olney 1. Head of the American Railway Union that organized the strike B. Eugene V. Debs 2. Governor of Illinois who sympathized with the striking workers C. George Pullman 3. United States attorney general who brought in federal troops to crush the strike D. John P. Altgeld 4. Owner of the palace railroad car company and the company town where the strike began a. A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 b. A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4 c. A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2 d. A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 39. New York s notoriously corrupt Boss Tweed was finally jailed under the pressure of a. New York Times exposés and the cartoons of Thomas Nast b. Federal income tax evasion charges c. New York City s ethics laws d. Testimony by Tweed s partners in crime Page 4 of 8
40. The political base of the Democratic party in the late nineteenth century lay especially in a. The small towns of the Northeast and the South b. Midwestern farmers c. The white South and big-city immigrant machines d. Northern blacks and Asian immigrants 41. With the passage of the Pendleton Act, prohibiting political contributions from many federal workers, politicians increasingly sought money from a. Contractors doing business with the federal government b. Factory workers and farmers c. Foreign contributors d. Big corporations 42. In the case of Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois, the U.S. Supreme Court held that state legislatures could NOT legislate railroads because a. The U.S. Constitution did not permit the government to regulate private industry b. The Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific railroad was incorporated in Missouri, not Illinois c. Railroad executives had committed no illegal acts in their business d. Railroads were interstate businesses and could not be regulated by any single state 43. The oil industry became a huge business a. With the building of kerosene-fueled electric generators b. When the federal government granted a monopoly to Standard Oil c. With the invention of the internal combustion engine d. When oil was discovered in Texas 44. Match each labor organization below with the correct description A. National Labor Union 1. The one big union that championed producer cooperatives and industrial arbitration B. Knights of Labor 2. Social-reform union killed by the depression of the 1870s C. American Federation of Labor 3. An association of unions pursuing higher wages, shorter working hours, and better working conditions a. A-3, B-1, C-2 b. A-1, B-2, C-3 c. A-1, B-3, C-2 d. A-2, B-1, C-3 45. While big city political bosses and their machines were often criticized, they proved necessary and effective in the new urban environment because a. They were better able to leverage grant money from the federal government b. They consistently upheld high ethical standards c. They were closely allied to other urban institutions like the church and big business d. They were more effective in serving urban immigrants needs than weak state or local governments 46. The pragmatists were a school of American philosophers who emphasized a. The provisional and fallible nature of knowledge and the value of ideas that solved problems b. That ideas were largely worthless and only practical experience should be pursued c. That scientific experimentation provided a new and absolutely certain basis for knowledge d. That most academic knowledge was based on bourgeois ideas that oppressed the working class 47. Edward Bellamy s novel, Looking Backward, inspired numerous late-nineteenth-century social reformers by a. Showing how a single tax on land speculation would end poverty b. Portraying the sufferings of an immigrant worker in Chicago s stockyard meat industry c. Showing the hypocrisy of the urban wealthy d. Portraying a utopian America in the year 2000, where nationalized industry had solved all social problems 48. The Plains Indians were finally forced to surrender a. Because they were decimated by their constant intertribal warfare b. After such famous leaders as Geronimo and Sitting Bull were killed c. When the army began using artillery against them d. By the coming of the railroads and the virtual extermination of the buffalo Page 5 of 8
49. In 1890, when the superintendent of the census announced that a stable frontier was no longer discernable, Americans were disturbed because a. They knew that the Homestead Act would no longer do them much good b. They thought that there would be a renewal of Indian warfare c. The idea of an endlessly open West had been an element of America s history from the beginning d. Many of them hoped eventually to migrate to the West 50. Labor unions, Populists, and debtors saw in the brutal Pullman episode a. Proof of an alliance between big business, the federal government, and the courts against working people b. The need for a socialist party in the United States c. The potential of the federal government as a counterweight to big business d. The crucial role of middle-class public opinion in labor conflicts 51. The depression of the 1890s and episodes like the Pullman Strike made the election of 1896 shape up as a a. Battle between down-and-out workers and farmers and establishment conservatives b. Conflict between insurgent Populists and the two established political parties c. Contest over power of the federal government to manage a modern industrial economy like the United States d. Clash of cultures between ordinary middle-class Americans and European-oriented radicals and reformers 52. The Crédit Mobilier scandal involved a. Public utility company bribes b. Railroad construction kickbacks c. Evasion of excise taxes on distilled liquor d. Manipulating the Wall Street stock market 53. In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that a. African Americans could be denied the right to vote b. Segregation was unconstitutional c. separate but equal facilities were constitutional d. The Fourteenth Amendment did not apply to African Americans 54. The early Populist campaign to create a coalition of white and black farmers ended in a. A racist backlash that eliminated black voting in the South b. An alignment of wealthy Bourbon whites with moderate blacks c. The breakdown of segregation in areas outside southern cities d. The emergence of Republican political power in the South 55. One of the most significant aspects of the Interstate Commerce Act was that it a. Represented the first large-scale attempts by the federal government to regulate business b. Began the process of breaking up the railroad monopolies c. Failed to prohibit some of the worst abuses of big business, such as pools and rebates d. Invoked the Constitution s interstate commerce clause 56. The Gospel of Wealth endorsed by Andrew Carnegie a. Based its theology on the teachings of Jesus b. Held that the wealthy should display moral responsibility in the use of their God-given money c. Was opposed by most late nineteenth century clergymen d. Asserted that the more people prayed the better off they would become 57. By 1900, organized labor in America a. Had begun to turn in a clearly Marxist direction b. Had enrolled nearly half of the industrial labor force c. Had begun to develop a more positive image with the public d. Relied heavily on the National Labor Relations Board 58. The Darwinian theory of organic evolution through natural selection affected American religion by a. Turning most scientists against religion b. Creating a split between religious conservatives who denied evolution and accomodationists who supported it c. Raising awareness of the close spiritual kinship between animals and human beings d. Sparking the rise of new denominations on modern science Page 6 of 8
59. By 1900, advocates of women s suffrage a. Acknowledged that women were biologically weaker than men but claimed that they deserved the vote anyway b. Formed strong alliances with African Americans seeking voting rights c. Argued that the vote would enable women to extend their roles as mothers and homemakers to the public world d. Insisted on the inherent political and moral equality of men and women 60. A Century of Dishonor (1881), which chronicled the dismal history of Indian-white relations, was authored by a. Harriet Beecher Stowe b. Helen Hunt Jackson c. Chief Joseph d. William F. Cody 61. The first major farmers organization was the a. National Grange b. Populists c. Farmers Alliance d. Greenback Labor party 62. The severe economic depression of the 1890s strengthened the Populists argument that a. The abolition of all metallic money in favor of paper was essential b. They should form a progressive coalition with pro-silver Democrats c. Farmers had nothing in common with the residents of industrial cities d. Wage earners and farmers alike were victims of an oppressive economic system 63. All of the following characteristics describe William Jennings Bryan in 1896 EXCEPT he a. Disliked the concept of class conflict b. Was an energetic and charismatic campaigner c. Was an excellent orator d. Radiated honesty and sincerity Page 7 of 8
1. B 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. D 7. D 8. D 9. D 10. C 11. D 12. A 13. D 14. D 15. A 16. C 17. C 18. D 19. C 20. A 21. B 22. A 23. B 24. C 25. D 26. C 27. D 28. D 29. B 30. C 31. D 32. D 33. A 34. D 35. C 36. D 37. C 38. C 39. A 40. C 41. D 42. D 43. A 44. D 45. D 46. B 47. D 48. D 49. C 50. A 51. A 52. B 53. C 54. A 55. A 56. B 57. C 58. B 59. C 60. B 61. A 62. D 63. A Page 8 of 8