INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

ENVIRONMENT & POLICY VOLUME 9 The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

International Governance on Environmental Issues Edited by Mats Rolen Swedish Councilfor Planning & Coordination of Research, Stockholm, Sweden Helen Sjoberg University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden and Uno Svedin Swedish Councilfor Planning & Coordination of Research, Stockholm, Sweden and University oflinkiiping, LingkOping, Sweden Springer-Science+Business Media, B.Y.

A c.i.p. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-90-481-4894-3 ISBN 978-94-015-8826-3 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-8826-3 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1997. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1997 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

Contents Preface... vii List of Acronyms... ix Gorel Thurdin Political Dimensions of International Environmental Governance Issues... 1 Helen Sjoberg Introduction: The Challenge of Global Environmental Governance... 7 James N Rosenau Global Environmental Governance: Delicate Balances, Subtle Nuances, and Multiple Challenges... 19 I William Zartman Negotiation, Governance, and Regime Building... 57 Bo Kjellen The Desertification Convention: Towards Creating a Multilateral Framework for Coping with Global Threats... 69 Harold K Jacobson and Edith Brown Weiss Compliance with International Environmental Accords: Achievements and Strategies... 78 Johan Bodegard Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Lessons from a National Perspective... 111 Katarina Eckerberg National and Local Policy Implementation as a Participatory Process... 119

vi Bert Bolin International Scientific Networks............ 138 Hon. J Hugh Faulkner P.c. The Role of Business in International Environmental Governance 150 Matti Wuori On the Formative Side of Hisrory: The Role of Non-Governmental Organisations... 159 Uno Svedin International Environmental Governance: A Round Up of a Discussion......... 173 Index... 177

vii Preface During the last years international cooperation on environmental issues has increased, especially after UNCED in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The efforts made by the United Nations or groups of states to solve more or less global problems through negotiation has brought up a number of questions of interest for the research community. How are international agreements achieved? Which roles do governments, ministries, diplomats, researchers, experts and NGO's play? Is the negotiationprocess of today effective or would we get better results through regional, national or local actions? How should we understand the interplay between the different societal levels where environmental 'governance' is created? And what constitutes a successful implementation of a convention or bilateral agreement in practical policy? The Swedish Council for Planning and Coordination of Research (FRN) has since the early 1980's initiatated and funded environmental research, and in particular for research problems with a focus on the interplay between humans~society-natural resources. In order to get a picture of on-going research with relevance to an understanding of international environmental governance, and to stimulate the research community towards addressing new issues, the FRN arranged an international workshop for August 17-19, 1994 at Krusenberg Manor, near Uppsala. The workshop could also be seen in the context of FRN's long term interest in the issues of 'the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change', including the activities of the Human Dimensions Programme (now IHDP) at the international level. The participants in the workshop were researchers, diplomats, experts and representatives from NGOs. The papers that were presented stimulated the participants to interesting and valuable discussions about the process of international environmental negotiations, the implementation of conventions and protocols and the importance for the environment of all these diplomatic efforts.

viii The workshop was planned by Professor Uno Svedin, FRN, Chair, Professor Erik Arrhenius, Stockholm University, Professor Anders Hjort af Ornas, Linkoping University, Dr. Richard Moss, the liason IGBP/HDP-Secretariat in Stockholm, Associate Professor Gunnar Sjostedt, Swedish Institute of International Affairs, Associate Professor Mats Rolen, FRN, and Helen Sjoberg, Research Associate at Stockholm University, Scientific Secretary. We wish to express our gratitude to the authors that have contributed with articles to our book. The formal editing and the layout has been performed by Mr Bo Heurling to whom we express our appreciation. Stockholm, December 1996 Arne Jernelov Secretary General The Swedish Council for Planning and Coordination of Research (FRN) Uno Svedin Head of Research Division (FRN) I Helen SjOberg Mats Rolen

ix List of Acronyms BCSO CBD CITES CSD EC EIA EPA EU FAO FCCC FGGE GARP GATT GEF GNP ICSU IFC IGO ILO IMF INCD IPCC ITTA IUCN IWC JOC MBDs Business Council for Sustainable Development Convention on Biological Diversity Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Commission for Sustainable Development European Community Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Protection Agency European Union Food and Agricultural Organization Framework Convention on Climate Change First Global GARP Experiment Global Atmospheric Research Program General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Global Environment Facility Gross National Product International Council of Scientific Unions International Finan~e Corporation Intergovernmental Organization International Labor Organization International Monetary Fund Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for the Convention to Combat Desertification Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change International Tropical Timber Agreement International Union for the Conservation of Nature (World Conservation Union) International Whaling Commission Joint Organizing Committee Multilateral Development Banks

x NGO ODA OECD RDBs SAR SPM TNCs UN UNCED UNCLOS UNDP UNEP UNCHE WCRP WMO WTO WWF Non-Governmental Organization Official Development Assistance Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Regional Development Banks Second Assessment Report Sustainable Project Management Transnational Corporations United Nations United Nations Conference on Environment and Development United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Conference on the Human Environment World Climate Research Program World Meteorological Organization World Trade Organization World Wide Fund for Nature