INDEX A abangan, 97 adat (customary) laws, 3, 60, 104 Asia-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW), 86, 88 Asian Migrant Centre (AMC), 36 autonomy, 2, 3, 75, 97, 101, 108 B Barisan Nasional, bilateral kinship system, 2, 13 C capacity building, 74, 75, 82, 83, 86, 87, 88 89, 91 Compilation of Islamic Law (CIL), 99, 100, 107 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), 87, 92 Counter Legal Draft (CLD), 107 D decentralization, 60, 96, 97, 98, 101 02, 108, 109 democratization, 8, 60,, 62, 64, 70, 97 discrimination, 6, 14, 60 job, 40 disincentives to have children, 22 divorce, 3, 21, 28, 97, 105, 107 fasakh, 104 rising rates, 21 domestic servants, 13, 26, 27 see also domestic workers domestic work, 38 39, 46, 47 domestic workers, 33, 38, 39 see also domestic servants E Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), 76, 77 economic growth, 1, 4, 7, 12, 32, 76 education, 1, 4, 6, 12, 13, 14 16, 17, 21, 23, 24, 25, 40,, 75 female, 15 tertiary, 12, 15, 17, 21 educational development, 7, 12 educational opportunities, 12, 14, 23 employment, 6, 7, 14 16, 17, 21, 23, 31 49 formal, 5, 8, 32, 46 informal, 8, 32, 37, 46 47 111
112 Index patterns for women, 16 17 sectors, 4, 5, 47 see also unemployment entertainment, sex work and temporary wives, 40 42 exercise of authority, 2 F family, 2, 5, 7, 12 28, 41, 98 laws, 98, 101, 103, 104 planning, 86, 87 fatwa (religious opinions), 8, 95, 100, 106, 107 female independence, 2 labour, 43, 47 migration, 31, 33 labour force participation rate (LFPR), 16, 17, 32 migrant labour, 32 migrants, 32, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 45, 49 migration, 32, 38, 40, 45 femininity, 56 feminists, 6, 62, 66, 69, 76 discourses, 73, 75 ideas, 4, 70 literature, 64, 68 movement, 74 perspectives, 67 politics, 75 scholars, 53 theory, 69 values, 23 works, 53, 58, 63, 68 writings, 56 feminization of agriculture, 46, 48 of labour migration, 48 of migrant labour, 46 of migration, 7, 38, 49 fertility, 7, 13, 22, 25 decline in, 23, 25, 26, 27 low, 25, 27 foreign direct investment (FDI), 4, 32 G gender analysis, 53 70, 77, 80, 81, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91 budgets, 84, 87 differences, 77 differentiation, 64 equality, 1, 8,, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 95, 107 see also gender inequality experts or specialists, 80, 81 gap, 1, 6, 7, 8, 60 identity, 6 ideologies, 65 indicators, 87, 89 inequality, 3, 4, 6, 73, 74, 75, 84 see also gender equality infrastructure, 84 85 issues, 68, 84, 90 perspective, 64, 66, 76 relations, 65, 67 representation, 60, 63, 64 rights, 95, 108 roles, 23 stereotypes, 7 training, 80, 82, 83, 87, 88, 89, 90 Gender and Development (GAD) approach, 73, 92 Gender Equality Law, 81, 85
Index 113 Gender Mainstreaming Action Group (GMAG), 84, 88, 90, 91 gender-neutrality, 77 Global Gender Gap Report 2008, 1 globalization, 4, 7, 12, 31, 32 34, 37, 78 H health, 1, 6, 7, 40, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 85, 88 89, 91 issues, 73, 74, 75, 79 policies, 8, 86, 91 reproductive, 6, 8, 74, 78, 79 80, 85, 86, 87, 89 91 rights, 8 systems, healthcare needs, 80 sector, 40 services, 6 Human Development Report 2006, 1 I industralization, 31, 33, 37 inter-religious family litigations, 102 03 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), Cairo, 1994, 76, 79, 86 International Labour Organization (ILO), 32, 34, 46 intra-family power structures, 7, 12, 16 Islam, 3, 70, 95, 96, 97 98, 98 99, 101, 103, 106, 108, 109 Islamic Family Law, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109 Islamization, 6, 96, 98, 99, 107, 108 J Joint Action Group of Women Against Violence (JAGWAV), 107 L labour employment, 48 inferior, 5, 32, 47 market, increasing uncertainty in, 21 migrants, 26, 43 migration, 31, 32, 34, 37 labour force participation, 21 Law on Domestic Violence, Prevention and Control, 85 life expectancy, 1 M Malaysian National Fatwa Council, 106 marriage, 7, 8, 12 28, 97, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105 aspirations, 42 delayed, 17 20, 21 24, 25, 27 inter-religious, 100, 107 law, 98, 99 100 less, 17, 27 migration, 27 Muslim-non-Muslim, 100, 102 squeeze, 22 24 trends in, 17 see also non-marriage masculinity, 56, 57, 65 studies, 68
114 Index matrilineal kinship systems, 2 matrilineal patterns, 13 MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress), migrant women, 31, 32, 34, 37, 39, 42, 46, 47, 48 migrant workers, 12, 34, 37, 38, 40, 41, 48 migration, 5, 7, 31 49, 78 flows and trends in southeast asia, 34 38 gendered, 48 irregular (illegal), 36, 48 patterns, 23, 34 rural-urban, 37, 42 43, 46 transnational, 37, 38 42 Ministry of Women Affairs (MOWA), 84 Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development (MWFCD), 84 N National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women, 84 National Commission on Violence Against Women (KOMNAS- Perempuan), 107 National Committee for the Advancement of Women (NCFAW), 84 non-marriage, 7, 17 20, 22, 24, 27 see also marriage nuclearization of families, 33 P PAS (Parti Islam SeMalaysia), 60, patriarchy, 3, 6 patriarchal family traditions, 27 PDI-P (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan), 108 political science, 8, 53, 54, 62, 67, 68, 70 politicization of Islam, 95 109 politics, 6, 7, 8, 54, 56, 62, 65, 68, 97, 108 polygamy, 100, 103 05 Pornography Law (UU Pornografi), 22, 100, 108 primary caregiver, 5, 7 professional care and welfare services, 40 R Regional Thematic Working Group on International Migration Including Human Trafficking, 37, 40, 41, 49 religion, 6, 7, 8, 64, 99, 100, 102 religious fundamentalisms, 6 S sex workers, 33, 46 sexual harassment, 5, 46 sexual permissiveness, 28 sexuality, 76, 106 changes in perspective of, 22 singlehood, 24, 28 and its discontents, 24 Sisters in Islam,, 106, 107, 109 southeast asian family structures, 13 14 SUARAM (Suara Rakyat Malaysia), Syariah, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 107, 108, 109
Index 115 T Tenaganita, total fertility rates (TFRs), 25 U UMNO (United Malays National Organization), 59, 60,, 108 unemployment, 59 see also employment United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 39, 42 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 88, 97, 101, 102, 109 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), 40 United Nations Millennium Project (UNMP) Report, 5 United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 91 United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 38 urbanization, 7, 12, 15, 36 and work pressures, 21 22 W Women in Development (WID) approach, 73 women s declining health, 6 education and employment, 14 16 empowerment, 76, 79 health movement, 80, 87 labour force participation, 16, 17 rights, 6, 86, 92, 95 109 role in the family, 7, 12 work-life balance, 25 26 workforce participation of women, 7, 12 World Conference on Women, Fourth, Beijing, 1995, 76 World Conference on Women, Third, 1985, 75 Y Yu-Foo Yee Shoon, Minister of State for Community Development, Youth and Sports, xiii vi V violence, 85, 105 domestic, 45, 85 sexual, 5, 85