1- Please define the word nationalism. 2- Who was the leader of Indian National Congress, INC? 3- What is Satyagraha? 4- When was the country named Pakistan founded? And how was it founded? 5- Why was M.K. Gandhi killed?
6- When was China the 1 st time became a republic country? 7- Who wanted China to become a democratic and socialistcountry? 8- What is Kuomintang or KMT? 9- What are the key factors that helped Chinese Communist party win the struggle? 10- What happened to KMT and its leader, after the communists won the struggle in 1949?
11-? Revolution and Nationalism (III)
Nationalism in India Nationalism is patriotic feelings or showing devotion to the interests of one s own nation. In India, nationalism appeared in the 19 th century => Educated Indians started to resent (dislike, not accept) British rule in the country. They wanted a share in governing their own country.
Nationalism in India In 1885, they set up a nationalist organization called Indian National Congress (INC). Actually, at the end of WWI, the British gave some share in the government to Indian people, but that was late and very few that made them feel angry and become aggressive. The Indians highly respected the nationalist leader, M.K. Gandhi.
Nationalism in India Gandhi wanted nothing less than complete independence for India. To obtain this, he called on all Indians not to cooperate with the British and warned Indians that non-cooperation should be carried out without violence and forces, this came to be known as Satyagraha. Satyagraha succeeded, the British found it difficulty to rule without cooperation of Indians, and at the end of WWII, they decided to leave India.
Nationalism in India As Independence approached, the Muslim Indians realized that the new government would be ruled by the Hindus, they felt that the Hindus would not treat them fairly, the Muslim, therefore, demanded the separation of the country..
Nationalism in India As a result, the British decided to divide the country into two separate, independent countries India and Pakistan in August 1948. The division followed by great violence between Muslim, Hindus, and Sikhs. More than two million people was killed, and Gandhi himself was shot dead..
Revolution in China The Manchu government of China was weak, so the country was divided and controlled by Japan Western powers. Chinese people were not happy and ready for a revolution. The leader of the revolution was Dr. Sun Yat-sen; he was a great thinker and planner, he wanted China to become a democratic and socialist country, which meant, based on his idea, all Chinese should have an equal share in the wealth of China.
Revolution in China The revolution took place in 1911. The Manchu emperor was forced to give up his throne and China was declared a republic. Dr. Sun became the 1 st president. However, Dr. Sun found it difficulty to introduce democracy and socialism in China, he then formed the Kuomintang (KMT) or Nationalist Party to carry out his program.
Revolution in China - Before important changes could take place, Dr. Sun died in 1926. His death caused problem, who was to lead the new republic? There were two possible leaders, the powerful member of KMT, Chiang Kai-shek, and the leader of the Communist Party, Mao Zedung. Chiang defeated all his opponents, including the communist party and became dictator in China.
Revolution in China In order to escape Chiang s troops, Chinese communists had to travel mare than 9600kms top a remote places in northwest China. Here they were able to reorganize their army and plan for a communist revolution in China. The Japanese invasion of China in 1937 helped the communists. Chiang s army was terribly battered (injured) by the Japanese. On the other hand, the Japanese found it difficulty to destroy the Communist army.
Revolution in China Communist army was organized into groups of guerrilla fighters, the guerrilla seldom attacked enemy openly, instead they harassed (worried) the enemy by sudden raids (attack) and ambushes (surprised attack, trap). They plundered or destroyed the enemy s supplies, this type of warfare proved successful.
Revolution in China Communists received a great deal of supports from the Chinese people. In August 1945, Japan surrendered. The Japanese withdrew from China. The communists won the struggle, and in October 1949 Chiang Kai-shek abandoned China and moved to the island of Taiwan. China then became a communist country under the leadership of Mao.
Nationalism in Southeast Asia Nationalism had appeared in Southeast Asia long before the WWII. However, during the war time national feeling became stronger. As we saw Japan occupied Southeast Asia and ruled the countries harshly (bitterly). When Japan ended their rule in 1945, Asia did not wish to return to European rule, they decided to fight for independence.
Nationalism in Southeast Asia The Philippines gained independence from Americans in 1946; Burma was granted independence from the British in 1948; The Dutch was stubborn (persistent), they kept fighting against nationalists in Indonesia, only in 1950 the United Nations persuaded the Dutch to give up the struggle, and gave the country independence.
Nationalism in Southeast Asia Long fighting took place in Vietnam between French and Vietnamese nationalists; French lost war in Vietnam, and in 1954 a conference was held in Switzerland to decide the future of French Indo-China. As this conference, the French agreed to withdraw from Indo-China, which granted independence to Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.
Nationalism in Southeast Asia Vietnam, however, was divided into two independent states, the North came under a communist government led by Ho Chi Minh, and the South came under a few weak presidents, supported by the Americans. The country was reunited again in 1975, after serious attacks and fighting.
Nationalism in Southeast Asia Malaya became independent in 1957 after long punishment, as the Britain did not grant independence to the country until the communist rebellion was put down. In 1963, Britain withdrew from Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak in order to allow these colonies to join with Malaya to form a federation of Malaysia. In 1965, Singapore broke away from Malaysia and became an independent republic. Thailand was led by series of generals, they ruled Thailand under the name of the Thai king.
Nationalism in Southeast Asia Brief of Malaya and Singapore History.
Homework Please Do Exercises on page 17; and Exercises on page 20, focus on B & D.