How did Scientific Revolution Change the Way Europeans looked at the World? Global History & Geography [Chapter 17] 10 th Grade Boys & Girls Al-Madinah School February 14, 2017
WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION? An era during the 16 th and 17 th centuries when new discoveries in natural sciences changed people s thinking. It is characterized by the development of scientific method. Astronomy was most affected
Ideas about the universe Geocentric universe Ptolemy proposed that the earth is in the center of the universe. Heavenly bodies are made of lights and they revolve around the earth. Heliocentric Universe Polish astronomer Nicholas Copernicus proposed a sun-centered universe after mathematical calculations. Ideas rejected by everybody.
Galileo Galilee Confirmed Copernicus's view by observing the space with telescope Condemned by the Church for accepting Copernican Ideas Forced to retract his claim Newton & the Universe Built his theories on Copernican and Galileic ideas. Proved the existence of a gravity Gave the theory of a universe that follows uniform laws (a predictable universe)
Development of Scientific Method Rene Descartes Emphasized the power of human reason (father of rationalism) His famous theory is Cogito, Ergo Somo. Francis Bacon Stressed on experimentation and observation Coined the term Scientific Method Gave rise to Scientific method attaining knowledge through observation and experimentation rather than on past authorities.
Steps in Scientific Method Steps in Scientific Method 1. Stating the problem 2. Collecting Data about the problem 3. Forming a hypothesis 4. Experimenting & testing the hypothesis 5. Recording and analyzing data 6. Stating a conclusion (theory formulation) 7. Repeating the steps 1 to 6.
Question 1, 2 and 4 on page 517 Homework
What were the Characteristics and Impacts of Enlightenment? Global History & Geography 10 th Grade / Br. Siraj Tuesday, February 14, 2017
Enlightenment An 18 th century intellectual movement influenced by rationalism and scientific revolution that rejected traditional ideas and introduced new ways of viewing authority, power, government & law. Leading Philosophers and Thinkers of Enlightenment movement are John Locke of England Baron de Montesquieu Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet) of France Jean Jacques Rousseau
John Locke s Idea All people possess certain natural rights life, liberty and Property People form governments to protect these rights If a government does not protect these rights then people can overthrow the government Two Treatises of Government his main work.
Baron De Montesquieu Separation of power (3 branches of government): Legislative, executive & judicial System of checks and balances The Spirit of Laws is his famous work
Voltaire Proposed civil liberties, including: freedom of religion Freedom of speech right to a fair trial. Believed in enlightened despotism
Rousseau Presented his ideas in The Social Contract People are generally good but get corrupted by the evils of the society But agreeing to form a government people give up their own interests for common good The idea of majority rule
Impact of Enlightenment Government Censorship Governments and church did not like enlightenment ideas They used censorship to stop the spreading of the ideas Writers were thrown into prison Books were banned and burned
Impact of Enlightenment Rise of Enlightened Despots absolute rulers who used their power to reform society Maria Theresa of Austria Reformed tax system forced nobles and clergy to pay taxes Made primary education available to children in her kingdom
Joseph II Maria Theresa s son Expanded his mother s reforms Merit based system for government jobs Legal reform Practiced religious toleration, ended censorship and abolished serfdom
Catherine the Great of Russia Asked advice from nobles, free peasants and townspeople Built schools, hospitals and promoted women s education Extended religious tolerance Homework questions 1, 2 and 7 on page 525