CHAPTER 14: MAKING FOREIGN POLICY 1 Section 1: Foreign Policy Choices in a Complex World Section 2: How Domestic Actors Affect Foreign Policy Section 3: Foreign Policy and International Institution Section 4: Foreign Policy Challenges
SECTION 1: FOREIGN POLICY CHOICES IN A COMPLEX WORLD The Basics of Foreign Policy Foreign policy is a nation s protocol for making and maintaining relations with foreign countries. The Five Goals of Foreign Policy National security Establishing free and open trade Promoting world peace Supporting democracy Providing aid to people in need How Should Foreign Policy Be Applied For many years, isolationism main U.S. foreign policy, new philosophy neoisolationism US needs to stay out of other countries or end up in long term war. Today, United States practices internationalist approach which promotes cooperation between nations Realism (perceive threats to U.S. security and interests) versus idealism (consider interests of other nations, defense of human rights, favor alliances) 2
SECTION 1: FOREIGN POLICY CHOICES IN A COMPLEX WORLD The Tool of Foreign Policy Diplomatic Tools United States has more than 160 embassies in foreign nations United States attempts to keep international peace and order through collective security and defense alliances with other nations Economic Tools Money is powerful foreign policy tool Trade bans or restrictions on foreign aid are examples of economic sanctions Military Tools Decision to use military force can sometimes be effective foreign policy tool President at the top of chain of U.S. military command 3
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SECTION 1: FOREIGN POLICY CHOICES IN A COMPLEX WORLD Just War Theory Following just war theory, a state may go to war only under specific circumstances. Conduct of war limited Just means moral, fair, proper The theory gives a moral context for when to wage and how to conduct war. jus ad bellum ( justice of war ) Justification for war: open declaration, just intentions, benefits outweigh costs, outcome of just peace jus in bello ( justice in war ) Limited to military targets, excessive violence not permitted 5
SECTION 2: HOW DOMESTIC ACTORS AFFECT FOREIGN POLICY The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy Department of State Leading U.S. foreign policy agency, comprised of numerous bureaus Secretary of state heads agency U.S. DOS employees overseas work in foreign service Department of Defense Largest executive department Oversees military activities and advises president Secretary of defense heads agency Central Intelligence Agency Collects and analyzes information Assists president and officials in making foreign policy decisions Domestic Influences Lobbyists pressure elected officials to further their foreign policy goals 6
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SECTION 2: HOW DOMESTIC ACTORS AFFECT FOREIGN POLICY The President, Congress, and Foreign Policy Executive Powers President is U.S. foreign policy leader and chief diplomat President has constitutional authority to issue foreign policy statements called presidential doctrines, to grant nations diplomatic recognition President is commander-in-chief of armed forces Legislative Powers Congress influences foreign policy in three ways: By introducing resolutions and directives By approving or denying funding requested by executive branch By providing advice and oversight to executive branch 8
SECTION 2: HOW DOMESTIC ACTORS AFFECT FOREIGN POLICY Interest Groups and Foreign Policy Information and Influence Interest groups increase influence of minority viewpoints Join like-minded individuals together to initiate or reform legislation The Media, Public Opinion, and Policy Politicians are sensitive to public opinion Interest groups use media outlets to shape public opinion 9
SECTION 3: FOREIGN POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION The United Nations General Assembly Advisory body only, cannot force member states to follow its recommendations One vote per member state Security Council UN Security Council has authority to take action to maintain international peace Made up of 15 member states (5 permanent members) Any country can bring disputes to Security Council. Economic and Social Council Addresses issues pertaining to human rights Coordinates efforts of nongovernmental organizations International Court of Justice Also known as World Court All member states accountable to World Court No appeals 10
SECTION 3: FOREIGN POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION Trusteeship Council Only meets on as-needed basis Palau was the last trust territory administered by UN Secretariat Headed by Secretary-General, chief administrative officer of UN Secretary-General elected by General Assembly 11
SECTION 3: FOREIGN POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION Other International Institutions International Economic Institutions Intergovernmental agencies related to UN World Trade Organization (WTO) works toward liberalization of global trade International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans funds to developing countries World Bank provides long-term loans, technical assistance to developing countries International Judicial Institutions International Criminal Court (ICC) is treaty-based, court of last resort International Criminal Tribunals established by Security Council to try war criminals in former Yugoslavia and Rwanda; will expire when work is complete 12
SECTION 4: FOREIGN POLICY CHALLENGES Past Foreign Policy Challenges Independence to World War II U.S. policies initially neutral and isolationist 1823, Monroe Doctrine confirms U.S. intentions to remain neutral in European conflicts Spanish-American War marks shift toward internationalist approach United States helps found United Nations after WW II Practice of collective security and deterrence follow WW II 13
SECTION 4: FOREIGN POLICY CHALLENGES The Cold War to the Collapse of the Soviet Union U.S.-Soviet relations increasingly strained Truman Doctrine set forth policy of containment Preventing nuclear war primary concern of foreign policy leaders Korean War, Cuban missile crisis, Vietnam War escalated Cold War, challenged containment efforts U.S., Soviet Union began practicing détente (relaxing tensions) Soviet leader Gorbachev instituted market and policy reforms, sparking similar movements throughout Eastern Europe Collapse of Soviet Union marks end of Cold War 14
SECTION 4: FOREIGN POLICY CHALLENGES Contemporary Foreign Policy Challenges Post Cold War to the Present U.S. foreign policy priorities: regional conflicts in Middle East U.S. leaders carefully weigh pros and cons of Middle East alliances United States remains committed to peace negotiations in Middle East Terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led to heightened security measures throughout United States, U.S. military action against Afghanistan (War on Terror) 2002: Bush administration departed from strategies of deterrence and containment with preemptive strike doctrine Transitions to Democracy Democratization often long, difficult process United States aims to support emerging democracies in Eastern Europe, Latin America, Asia, Africa Overcoming Poverty Poverty, hunger, illiteracy, inadequate health care limit economic progress U.S. foreign aid: aimed at strengthening economies of less-developed nations Foreign aid programs aim: provide food security, literacy, health care for less-developed nations 15
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