JAPAN'S EVOLVING FOREIGN POLICY DOCTRINE

JAPAN'S EVOLVING FOREIGN POLICY DOCTRINE

Also by Bert Edstrom JAPAN'S QUEST FOR A ROLE IN THE WORLD JAPAN'S GLOBAL ROLE: Implications for Sweden (editor) JAPAN'S FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICIES IN TRANSITION (editor) THE UNITED NATIONS, JAPAN AND SWEDEN: Achievements and Challenges (editor)

Japan's Evolving Foreign Policy Doctrine From Yoshida to Miyazawa Bert Edstrom Senior Research Fellow Center for Pacific Asia Studies University of Stockholm Sweden palgrave

Bert Edstrom 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, london W 1 P OlP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published by PAlGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PAlGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of st. Martin's Press llc Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers ltd (formerly Macmillan Press ltd). Outside North America ISBN 978-1-349-27305-8 ISBN 978-1-349-27303-4 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-27303-4 In North America ISBN 978-0-312-21934-5 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:98-43270 10 9 8 7 08 07 06 05 6 543 04 03 02 01

Contents List of Tables List of Figures Acknowledgements A Note on Names, Transcription and Translation Introduction VI viii ix x 1 1 To Restore and Reconstruct: Yoshida Shigeru, Ashida Hitoshi, Katayama Tetsu 8 2 The Prewar Leftover with a Postwar Mission: Hatoyama Ichiro 26 3 The Failure of Brilliance: Kishi Nobusuke 35 4 The International Cold Warrior: Ikeda Hayato 46 5 The Cautious and Discreet Prime Minister: Sato Eisaku 57 6 The Computerized Bulldozer on the International Stage: Tanaka Kakuei 71 7 A Liberal Turning Realist: Miki Takeo 80 8 A Visionary Arch-Conservative: Fukuda Takeo 90 9 Turning the Tide: Ohira Masayoshi 101 10 The Harmony Man on the Slippery Slope: Suzuki Zenko 111 11 The Symbolic Statesman: Nakasone Yasuhiro 119 12 A Local Politician on the Global Stage: Takeshita Noboru 132 13 Hope and Uncertainty: Kaifu Toshiki 141 14 Full Circle: Miyazawa Kiichi 151 15 Conclusion: Japan's Evolving Foreign-Policy Doctrine 159 Notes Bibliography Index 180 192 207 v

List of Tables 1.1 National Goals in Yoshida's, Katayama's and Ashida's Policy Speeches 13 1.2 International Roles Ascribed to Japan in Yoshida's, Katayama's and Ashida's Policy Speeches 18 1.3 Countries and Regions Referred to in Yoshida's, Katayama's and Ashida's Policy Speeches 21 2.1 National Goals in Hatoyama's Policy Speeches 28 2.2 International Roles in Hatoyama's Policy Speeches 30 2.3 Bilateral Relations in Hatoyama's Policy Speeches 31 3.1 National Goals in Kishi's Policy Speeches 37 3.2 International Roles in Kishi's Policy Speeches 39 3.3 Bilateral Relations in Kishi's Policy Speeches 42 3.4 Foreign Visits by Prime Ministers 44 4.1 National Goals in Ikeda's Policy Speeches 49 4.2 International Roles in Ikeda's Policy Speeches 50 4.3 Bilateral Relations in Ikeda's Policy Speeches 54 5.1 National Goals in SatC)'s Policy Speeches 60 5.2 International Roles in SaW's Policy Speeches 62 5.3 Bilateral Relations in SaHl's Policy Speeches 65 6.1 National Goals in Tanaka's Policy Speeches 73 6.2 International Roles in Tanaka's Policy Speeches 74 6.3 Bilateral Relations in Tanaka's Policy Speeches 77 7.1 National Goals in Miki's Policy Speeches 83 7.2 International Roles in Miki's Policy Speeches 85 7.3 Bilateral Relations in Miki's Policy Speeches 87 8.1 National Goals in Fukuda's Policy Speeches 91 8.2 International Roles in Fukuda's Policy Speeches 94 8.3 Bilateral Relations in Fukuda's Policy Speeches 97 9.1 National Goals in Ohira's Policy Speeches 103 9.2 International Roles in Ohira's Policy Speeches 105 9.3 Bilateral Relations in Ohira's Policy Speeches 108 10.1 National Goals in Suzuki's Policy Speeches 113 10.2 International Roles in Suzuki's Policy Speeches 114 10.3 Bilateral Relations in Suzuki's Policy Speeches 116 11.1 National Goals in Nakasone's Policy Speeches 122 11.2 International Roles in Nakasone's Policy Speeches 125 11.3 Bilateral Relations in Nakasone's Policy Speeches 129 12.1 National Goals in Takeshita's Policy Speeches 134 vi

List of Tables vii 12.2 International Roles in Takeshita's Policy Speeches 136 12.3 Bilateral Relations in Takeshita's Policy Speeches 139 13.1 National Goals in Kaifu's Policy Speeches 143 13.2 International Roles in Kaifu's Policy Speeches 146 13.3 Bilateral Relations in Kaifu's Policy Speeches 148 14.1 National Goals in Miyazawa's Policy Speeches 153 14.2 International Roles in Miyazawa's Policy Speeches 156 14.3 Bilateral Relations in Miyazawa's Policy Speeches 157 15.1 Perceptions of the International System in Prime-Ministerial Policy Speeches 161 15.2 National Goals in Prime-Ministerial Policy Speeches 164 15.3 International Roles in Prime-Ministerial Policy Speeches 166 15.4 Bilateral Relations in Prime-Ministerial Policy Speeches 167 15.5 Core Ideas and Concepts in Prime-Ministerial Policy Speeches 170

List of Figures 15.1 Doctrine-Constituent Phases 15.2 Core Concepts and Ideas in Prime-Ministerial Policy Speeches 175 176 viii

Acknowledgements This research has been conducted as part of my work at the Center for Pacific Asia Studies, Stockholm University. I am grateful to its former director, Professor Thomas G. Hart, for his unfailing support. To pursue the research needed would not have been possible without the generous financial support of the Japan Foundation, the Lars Johan Hierta Foundation, and the Foundation for the Study of Japanese Society. I would also like to thank Dr Katarina Brodin, who guided me through the intricacies of foreign-policy doctrine research, and Professor Glenn Hook and Professor Ian Nish, who read and commented upon a draft version and saved me from numerous errors. ix

A Note on Names, Transcription and Translation Following East Asian practice, the names in the text are given with the family name followed by the given name. In writings in English the personal name is followed by the family name. Long vowels in Japanese words are indicated by a macron except in certain place names, for example Tokyo. I had intended to use official translations of parliamentary speeches throughout, but such translations were not available to me until we reach the mid-1970s, from which time they were available in the English-language Diplomatic Bluebook. Translations into English of speeches published in The Japan Times the day after the speeches were made are often faulty, especially in the early postwar period. Translations until the mid-1970s are modified and corrected versions of translations found in The Japan Times. Translations from the mid-1970s mainly follow the Diplomatic Bluebook. x