World Civilizations The Global Experience AP Seventh Edition Chapter 21 The Rise of Russia
Figure 21.1 Early Russian tsar Ivan V, 1682 1696. Ivan was actually sickly and ineffective and soon gave way to Peter the Great. But the portrait suggests the symbolism with which the tsars were invested.
Chapter Overview I. Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars II. Russia's First Westernization, 1690 1790 III.Themes in Early Modern Russian History
TIMELINE 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.
Russia's Expansionist Politics 14th Century under the Tsars Duchy of Moscow takes lead in expelling Mongols Ivan III (the Great) Orthodox Christianity By 1480, independent state
Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars The Need for Revival Mongols Laissez-faire policy Period of cultural and economic decline Literacy decrease Ivan III Restoration of traditional rule Role overseeing church Russia as the "Third Rome"
Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars The Need for Revival Ivan IV (The Terrible) Attacks boyars (nobles)
Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars Patterns of Expansion Expansion into central Asia Into Siberia by 1500 Cossacks (peasants) recruited to settle new lands Land grants to nobles, bureaucrats Trade with Asia increased Islam tolerated
Map 21.1 Russian Expansion Under the Early Tsars, 1462 1598 From its base in the Moscow region, Russia expanded in three directions; the move into Siberia involved pioneering new settlements, as the government encouraged Russians to push eastward. Political controls extended gradually as well.
Multinational Empires Russia Most successful multinational empire of its time Tolerant of internal diversity Benefitted from selective copying Contemporaneous importance of nation-state England and France move to standardize Cohesion of politics and national culture
Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars Western Contact and Romanov Policy Intentional turn to West Ivan III Embassies to Western states Ivan IV British begin trading Italian artists Work on churches, Kremlin
Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars Western Contact and Romanov Policy Ivan IV dies without heir Time of Troubles Boyars attempt to take power Sweden, Poland take territory Boyars choose Michael Romanov as tsar
Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars Western Contact and Romanov Policy Michael Romanov Restores order, expels invaders Takes part of Ukraine Border extended to Ottoman region Alexis Romanov Church purged of Mongol-era innovations "Old Believers" exiled
Figure 21.2 This icon, from the 15th century, depicts Mary and the Christ Child. The Russian icon tradition used styles derived from Byzantine art. By the 17th century, under Western influence, they had become more naturalistic.
Map 21.2 Russia Under Peter the Great From 1696 to 1725, Peter the Great allowed his country only one year of peace. For the rest of this reign he radically changed the form of his government to pursue war. By the end, he had established his much-desired "Window on the West" on the southern shores of the Baltic Sea, where he founded the new city of St. Petersburg.
Russia's First Westernization, 1690 1790 Tsarist Autocracy of Peter the Great Policies Autocratic Reforms by fiat Secret police Conflict with Ottomans Baltic port achieved Capital to St. Petersburg
Russia's First Westernization, 1690 1790 What Westernization Meant Bureaucratic changes Navy created Council of nobles ended Replaced by dependent advisors Provincial governors under central control Town councils under royal authority Laws codified
Russia's First Westernization, 1690 1790 What Westernization Meant Economy Metallurgical, mining industries expanded Pressure to use serfs in manufacturing Culture Nobles forced to shave beards Western dress Education improved in math Only upper class affected
Figure 21.3 This contemporary Russian cartoon lampoons Peter the Great's order to his nobility to cut off their beards.
Russia's First Westernization, 1690 1790 Consolidation under Catherine the Great Peter, dies 1724 Weak rulers follow Catherine (1762 1796), widow of Peter III Pugachev peasant rebellion Excuse to expand central power
Figure 21.4 Catherine the Great in the costume of Minerva, the Roman goddess of wisdom, war, and the arts.
Russia's First Westernization, 1690 1790 Consolidation under Catherine the Great Catherine (1762 1796), widow of Peter III Westernization Absolutism Nobles empowered over serfs French Revolution causes reaction
Russia's First Westernization, 1690 1790 Consolidation under Catherine the Great Catherine (1762 1796), widow of Peter III Expansion Crimea taken from Turks Siberia Alaska claimed Explorers into northern California Partition of Poland
Map 21.3 Russia's Holdings by 1800 Expansion fluctuated from one decade to the next but persisted, bringing Russia into encounters with Europe, the Ottoman empire, and East Asia.
Themes in Early Modern Russian History Serfdom: The Life of East Europe's Masses Enserfment under Mongols To placate nobles Also to increase state control of peasantry 1649, serfdom hereditary Later laws decrease peasants' rights, mobility Condition deteriorates in 18th century
Visualizing the Past Oppressed Peasants
Themes in Early Modern Russian History Estate Agriculture, Trade, and Dependence 95 percent rural Small merchant class Limited by desire to maintain tradition, not motivated to improve
Themes in Early Modern Russian History Social Unrest Call for reform by 1800 Peasant unrest Landlords blamed for difficulties Pugachev rising, 1770s Height of discontent
Figure 21.5 The Cossack leader Emelian Pugachev attracted supporters by appealing to the popular belief that Peter III, Catherine's husband, was still alive. Claiming to be Peter III, he led a revolt in 1773 1774 that threatened Catherine's throne. When the revolt was defeated, Pugachev was brutally executed as an example to other potential revolutionaries.
Themes in Early Modern Russian History Russia and Eastern Europe Variations Balkans Under Ottomans Influenced by Enlightenment Several states lose autonomy Poland In Catholic sphere Weakness leads to Partition