Imperialism Chapter 10 U.S. Foreign Policy Monroe Doctrine No new colonization by Europe in western hemisphere U.S. stays out of European affairs If Europe attempts to colonize in the west, U.S. would consider it an act of war Many Spanish colonies revolting U.S. warning Europe to stay out Encouraged revolting countries to adopt American democratic model U.S. Foreign Policy toward Europe Everywhere else very involved: Indian affairs Spanish colonies Mexico Manifest Destiny expanding toward into the Pacific and Latin America Imperialism: 1
Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853 Trade will also expand to China and Korea. U.S. will send expeditions to Caribbean : 1867 $7.2 million 5 P s of Expansion 1. Industrialization meant need for more Must expand to compete with Europe Large amounts of raw materials in Africa, Caribbean, Pacific, Latin America Not enough markets in USA for goods 2
Commercial/Business Interests (Profit) American Foreign Trade: 1870-1914 5 P s of Expansion 2. Expansion to assert American power Spread superior American culture 5 P s of Expansion 3. Add to economic and political empire you become powerful. Less likely to be. Military strategy Alfred Thayer Mahan 3
Wrote Strong key to world dominance and control of sea Influential work that saw U.S. build up its The : 1907 4. : spread American Missionaries in China, 1905 4
5 P s of Expansion 5. Politicians must listen to Businesses want to expand Businesses giving millions to campaigns Expansion allows U.S. to escape divisive (and boring) issues Foreign involvement influenced Opponents to Expansion: Argued expansion violated U.S. idea of Some people were inferior and could not be Avoid foreign entanglements Would require increased spending to build up and maintain strong navy Policy Advocated by former Sec. of State James Blaine U.S. should lead and protect nations Would open up for American industry 5
U.S.- Relations Agreements in 1870s and 1880s in areas of trade, use of ports, naval bases U.S. controlled by 1887 U.S. sugar planters also bought sugar plantations in Hawaii of Hawaii s wealth Also paid many Hawaiian sugar planters top dollar for crop Resented by many Hawaiians USA trying to Hawaii by 1890 Annex: Problem: Most Native Hawaiians wanted to remain separate Hawaiian Hawaii for the Hawaiians! Tore up trade agreements sugar planters had with U.S. U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii " Jan. 1893 American businessmen and sugar planters backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani. " Uprising worked and Queen removed. " proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894 and becomes 6
To The Victor Belongs the Spoils Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898 Cuba revolts against Spain in 1895 Led by U.S. had profitable with Cuba = $100 million/yr. Sugar planters wanted to be annexed by U.S. Sugar planters burn crops to get U.S. attention and protest Spain U.S. also believed control of Cuba = control of sends in troops to stop revolt U.S. Reaction Spain send Valeriano Weyl er to Cuba in 1896 Spain captures Cuban revolters and sends them to camps stir up U.S. sentiment Protectorate of the weak 7
Yellow Journalism Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I ll furnish the war! Spanish Misrule in Cuba " Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S. " Criticized President " Called President weak " Most in U.S. took it as a dare to stop Spain in Cuba " McKinley still refused to attack Spain in Cuba 8
and to Hell with Spain! Funeral for Maine victims in Havana " in the McKinley administration. " Criticized President McKinley as having the " Later, resigns his position to fight in Cuba. War Declared in 1898 Yellow journalists continue to add fuel President McKinley demands Spain give Cuba independence declares war Most in Cuba fear U.S. will take over country to declaration of war: U.S. promised not to only to overthrow the unjust Spanish 9
The Spanish-American War (1898): 385 men killed by Spain 5000 by disease Captures Manila (8/1898) 10
The : 1898 " Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. " Spain gave up and the island of to U.S. " The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the. " The U. S. becomes an power! Puerto Rico: 1898 " 1900 - Foraker Act. PR became an official U.S. with a government. Citizens of PR, not of the US. Late in the Insular Cases (1901-1903), Congress stated they could extend to Puerto Ricans Puerto Rico: 1898 " 1917 Jones Act. Gave American citizenship to citizens of PR PRs elected their own legislators & governor to enforce local laws. PRs could vote in US elections. A Resident Commissioner was sent to Washington to represent PR in the House of Representatives 11
The " Founded in 1899. " Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders. " Campaigned against the of the Philippines and other acts of The Imperialist Taylor War (1899) Filipinos upset they were not treated the same way as Cubans Thought they would get independence U.S. felt it was protecting Philippines from anarchy, foreign take-over, etc. War to stop and revolutionaries Philippines remains U.S. property until 1946 12
, 1st Gov.-General of the Philippines Great administrator. U.S. Seeks Market in China, because of past treatment, was suspicious of U.S. U.S. needs market for new territories of Other nations (Russia, Japan, etc.) also covet China The ". " Give all nations access to trade in China. " No. " Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power. 13
The : 1900 " Boxers: who want U.S. and other countries out of China " Killed thousands of " Boxers defeated by Chinese, Philippine, and American army Theodore Roosevelt for McKinley s second term Becomes President after McKinley a by anarchist Leon Czolgosz in 1901. TR Divided the World Civilized: Uncivilized: Civilized had the responsibility to police the uncivilized Civilized must spread 14
TR and War Civilized had to fight wars against uncivilized Justified to bestow blessings of culture and racial superiority on the vanquished War between two civilized countries was 1900 USA people More populous than many TR: this justifies Constable of the World 15
War (1904) War between Russia and Japan TR fears would try to shut U.S. out of Japan approaches TR to facilitate peace agreement TR negotiates peace in 1906 Won Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905 Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904) 16
U.S. in As U.S. economic interests increased, U.S. policy towards outsiders strengthens U.S. wants dominance 1902: Germany and Britain blockade over debt TR demands they accept U.S. arbitration and threatens war Showed we would use! The to the : 1905 Added to the Monroe Doctrine TR stated that the US would use force to protect is now used to justify US involvement in Latin America. 17
U.S. Intervention in Cuba: attached to new Cuban constitution Gave U.S. rights Gave U.S. Naval base at Gave U.S. right to intervene if Cuban sovereignty was threatened Cuba a of U.S. Protectorate: U.S. sent in military when broke out in 1906 Unpopularity forced U.S. to abolish in 1934 (except giving up Guantanamo) foreign policy Use American in strategic areas of world (Far East, Panama Canal, etc.) Countries would be to U.S. because they need US would bring prosperity to U.S. and Foreign Affairs Wilson was but would get involved in the affairs of other countries. Haiti (1916) Dominican Republic (1916) Bought from Denmark (1917) : U.S. would not recognize any government that was 18
10/30/13 U.S. investors had billions invested into Mexico Rich and government officials usually kept the money Poor Mexicans were very impoverished 1913: Mexicans revolt and a popular new president was put in place New president assassinated General Huerta assumes leadership and becomes harsh dictator Massive migration of Mexicans to U.S. (over 1 million 1900-1930) Wilson would not recognize Huerta as leader ( missionary diplomacy ) Wilson Helps Wilson sends U.S. munitions to Huerta s main rivals 19
U.S. Invades Mexico April, 1914: Mexican government arrested U.S. sailors but released them Wilson ordered U.S. Navy to seize port of Veracruz Drove Carranza to side with Huerta against U.S. meddling July, 1914: Huerta s leadership collapsed and Carranza succeeds him. Villa s Rampage Wilson reluctantly backed Carranza and removed troops Pancho Villa hoped to cause tension between Carranza and U.S. Was a rival of Carranza s Hoped he could get U.S. to turn on Carranza Jan. 1916: Villa and his followers ( ) murder 17 Americans travelling through Mexico Feb. 1916: Villa and men kill 19 more The Wilson sends General to capture Villa and his followers U.S. and Mexican military kill and capture a number of Villistas Villa escapes 20
Outcome of Punitive Expedition U.S. withdraws in 1917 due to growing threat of Villa becomes folk hero to some Mexicans, murderer to others Assassinated in 1923 by political rival 21