CONTENTS Using This Resource viii Unit 1: What Is History? 2 How Do We Know What We Know about the Past? 4 What Tools Can Help Us Understand the Past? 6 Historical Thinking Concept: Historical Perspective 8 Historical Thinking Concept: Cause and Consequence 10 Historical Thinking Concept: Continuity and Change 12 Historical Thinking Concept: Historical Significance 14 Where Can Studying History Take Me? 16 Unit 2: 1914 1929 18 Chapter 1: Canada at War: 1914 1918 20 FOCUS ON: Cause and Consequence 22 Why Was the No. 2 Construction Battalion Formed? 24 New Technology of War: What Was the Impact? 26 Billy Bishop and Raymond Collishaw: War Heroes? 28 Was Vimy Ridge Canada s Greatest Battle in World War I? 30 Women s Work during the War 32 FOCUS ON: Formulate Questions 34 What Was It Like to Live through the Halifax Explosion? 36 Should Citizens Be Forced to Go to War? 38 Chapter 2: In the Shadow of the War: 1918 1929 40 What Consequences Did People Face after World War I? 42 FOCUS ON: Historical Significance 44 Was the Winnipeg General Strike a Success? 46 What Were Some Victories for the Women s Rights Movement? 48 How Were Minorities Discriminated against after the War? 50 What Were the Causes and Consequences of Prohibition? 52 Did the War Change Canada s Identity as a Nation? 54 Chapter 3: Canada after World War I: 1920 1929 56 What Was Shaping Canada s Culture and Identity? 58 Which Developments Changed Canadians Lives? 60 FOCUS ON: Interpret and Analyze 62 Were the 1920s Roaring Economically? 64 What Was the Impact of Residential Schools? 66 How Did Language Laws Affect French English Relations? 68 What Changed for Chinese Canadians? 70 Unit 2 Looking Back 72 iv Contents
Unit 3: 1929 1945 74 Chapter 4: The Great Depression: 1929 1939 76 The Fall of an Economy 78 What Was So Difficult about the Great Depression? 80 What Killed Prairie Farming in the 1930s? 82 How Did Canadians Respond to the Great Depression? 84 What Were the Political Responses to the Great Depression? 86 Was the On-to-Ottawa Trek Successful? 88 FOCUS ON: Historical Perspective 90 Chapter 5: Conflict and Racism: 1930 1939 92 Who Was Affected Most by Racism in Canada during the 1930s? 94 What Do Residential Schools Reveal about Our Past? 96 FOCUS ON: Cause and Consequence 98 How Did Extremist Groups Influence Government Policies? 100 How Did Canadians React to Global Conflicts in the 1930s? 102 What Was Happening to Jews in Germany and in Canada in the 1930s? 104 How Did World War II Start? 106 What Factors Influenced Canada to Declare War on Nazi Germany and Its Allies? 108 Chapter 6: Canada and World War II: 1939 1945 110 How Did Canada Contribute to World War II? 112 How Did World War II Affect Canadians and the Economy? 114 What Events Led to the End of the War? 116 FOCUS ON: Continuity and Change 118 What Should We Remember about the Holocaust? 120 What Happened after the Holocaust? 122 Why Did the Canadian Government Confine Some of Its Citizens? 124 How Did Canadian Technology Contribute to World War II? 126 Unit 3 Looking Back 128 15 Contents v
Unit 4: 1945 1982 130 Chapter 7: Canada after World War II: 1945 1960 132 How Had Teenage Life Changed by the 1950s? 134 How Did the Economy in the 1950s and 1930s Compare? 136 Who Was Immigrating to Canada, and Why? 138 What Factors Led to the Baby Boom? 140 Can Sports Unify a Country? 142 The Cold War: Fear of Bombs and the Bully 144 FOCUS ON: Gather and Organize 146 164 Chapter 8: The Challenges of Change: 1945 1982 148 What Challenges Did Black Canadians Face after World War II? 150 How Did Canada s Immigration Laws Change? 152 Why Did Aboriginal Peoples Need to Be Heard? 154 How Did Aboriginal Peoples and Groups React? 156 Why Did Some French Canadian Political Groups Turn Violent? 158 Could French Canadians Achieve Their Goals Democratically? 160 Do Social Programs Make Canada a Better Country? 162 FOCUS ON: Historical Significance 164 Chapter 9: Canada Finds Its Identity: 1956 1982 166 How British Was Canada? 168 How Did Canada Strengthen Its Own Identity? 170 Canada and the United States: A Friendship Grows 172 How Did Canada Resist U.S. Domination in the 1960s and 1970s? 174 How Was Canada Performing on the World Stage? 176 What Values Did Canadians Challenge? 178 FOCUS ON: Historical Perspective 180 Unit 4 Looking Back 182 vi Contents
219 Unit 5: 1982 Present 184 Chapter 10: A Changing World: 1982 1990 186 Was Canada Becoming More American? 188 How Competitive Was Canada s Economy? 190 What Change Had the Greatest Impact on Canadian Families? 192 FOCUS ON: Continuity and Change 194 How Were Canadians Responses to Disasters Changing? 196 Was the Montréal Massacre a Turning Point for Canadians? 198 Chapter 11: Changing Relationships: 1990 2001 200 Canada and Québec: Should We Break Up or Stay Together? 202 Which New Political Party Has Had the Most Impact? 204 How Did the Oka Crisis Affect Relations with Aboriginal Peoples? 206 How Accepting of Diversity Were Canadians in the 1990s? 208 FOCUS ON: Evaluate and Draw Conclusions 210 Which 1990s Technology Has Had the Most Impact? 212 How Did the Identity of Newfoundland and Labrador Change? 214 What Was Canada s Response to the Rwandan Genocide? 216 Chapter 12: Shaping Canada: 2001 Present 218 How Did 9/11 Change Canada U.S. Relations? 220 Why Was Canada in Afghanistan? 222 Was Canada s Mission in Afghanistan Worth the Costs? 224 Who Is Making a Difference? 226 How Has Communication Technology Affected Canadians? 228 Was 2008 a Turning Point for Aboriginal Peoples? 230 Who Has Had an Impact on Canadian Arts and Culture? 232 How Does the Governor General Shape Canada? 234 FOCUS ON: Communicate 236 Unit 5 Looking Back 238 Glossary 240 Index 242 Credits 252 Contents vii
BIG IDEA What event or person since 1982 has most significantly shaped your life in Canada? 184 MuchMusic goes on air 1982 Canada s constitution repatriated 1984 1986 Changes to divorce laws come into effect Montréal Massacre 1989 Moratorium on Atlantic cod fishing 1992 1994 Genocide in Rwanda
1982 TO Present MORE VOICES HEARD How do you get your voice heard when something is not right? The 2012 Idle No More protest movement used social media to organize people across Canada to stand up for Aboriginal peoples rights to land, water, education, and economic opportunity. Aboriginal peoples in Canada wanted an end to discrimination and negative stereotypes, and they took action. Figure 1 Thousands participate in an Idle No More march on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario, on December 21, 2012. In this unit, you will explore how, since 1982, more Canadians have been finding their voices through arts and cultural expression, new political parties, new forms of communication, protests, negotiations, and legal battles. Canadians have redefined their relationships with one another, with Americans, and with the world. Have Canadians achieved a truly democratic, multicultural, and inclusive society? How are our actions continuing to shape Canada today? Second referendum on Québec separation Terrorist attacks on the United States lead to Canada s mission in Afghanistan Canada officially apologizes for residential school system 1995 1996 2001 2005 2007 2008 2014 Dolly the sheep, the first cloned mammal, is born Michaëlle Jean becomes Canada s third female and first Black governor general First smartphone launched Canada s mission in Afghanistan ends Unit 5: 1982 Present 185
OCUS ON CONTINUITY AND CHANGE What Is a Turning Point? When historians look at continuity and change, they try to establish turning points. A turning point might be an event or period of time when the process of change shifts in direction or pace. As a historical thinker, you can identify turning points in history by looking for any or all of the following: Something changes people s ideas about themselves or others. Events change from progress to decline, or from decline to progress. Without this event or change, society would be different today. The change or event shows us a beginning or an end of a trend in society. Keep these criteria in mind as you explore some events and developments that occurred in 1984. Case Study: Was 1984 a Turning Point in Canadian Identity? Canadians were taking their place on the world stage in various fields in the 1980s, which became a new source of national pride. Several firsts took place in 1984. Consider how these events could be considered turning points in our sense of Canadian identity. Figure 12 Bryan Adams s album Reckless was released in 1984 and was the first Canadian album to sell over one million copies in Canada. Adams became an international superstar, selling over eight million copies of Reckless worldwide. Adams s achievement made it clear that Canadian artists did not have to move to the United States to become successful. Soon after, other Canadian artists, such as Céline Dion, Shania Twain, Alanis Morissette, and Barenaked Ladies, also achieved superstar status at home and around the world. 194 Unit 5: 1982 Present
APPLY IT 1. Based on the evidence on these pages, was 1984 a turning point in Canadians sense of identity? Use two examples to support your answer. Figure 13 In 1984, Marc Garneau was the first Canadian astronaut to go into space. Garneau s missions marked the first time Canadians could see themselves as astronauts. Since then, 10 Canadians have been selected as astronauts, including Julie Payette, who was the first Canadian to board the International Space Station, and Chris Hadfield who, in 2013, became its first Canadian commander. 2. Which 1984 event or development do you think created the most change? If that event or development had not happened, how would things be different in Canada today? Figure 14 Canada s Linda Thom won a gold medal for pistol shooting at the 1984 summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles. She was the first Canadian woman to win gold at a summer Olympics since 1928 and the first Canadian to win a gold medal at the summer Olympics since 1968. Figure 15 Canada won 44 medals in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, the highest number of medals Canada has ever won at a summer Olympics. However, the number of competitors was also reduced in 1984, because the Eastern European communist countries boycotted (did not attend) the games. Chapter 10: A Changing World: 1982 1990 195
WAS A TURNING POINT FOR ABORIGINAL PEOPLES? Fair and just treatment has been an issue for Aboriginal peoples in Canada since European newcomers first arrived in the 1600s. As you read about two events from 2008, consider these questions: Were these events turning points in Aboriginal peoples history? How much progress was made? Who made the change happen? Residential School System: The Apology On June 11, 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper apologized to Aboriginal peoples on behalf of Canada for the residential school system. During a period of more than 100 years, over 150 000 First Nations, Métis, and Inuit children were forcibly removed from their families and sent to residential schools. This chapter in Canada s history left deep emotional, physical, and cultural scars on Aboriginal people. The formal apology was a significant step in restoring harmony between Aboriginal peoples and Canada. However, as of 2014, Métis people had still not been recognized in the apology or settlement. Figure 19 Chief Phil Fontaine and other Aboriginal leaders and survivors look on in the House of Commons on June 11, 2008 as Prime Minister Stephen Harper apologizes for the residential school system. Never again will this House consider us the Indian Problem just for being who we are. We are, and always have been, an indispensable part of the Canadian identity. The memories of residential schools sometimes cut like merciless knives at our souls. This day will help us to put that pain behind us. Figure 20 Chief Phil Fontaine, leader of the Assembly of First Nations, responds to the Apology in the House of Commons on June 11, 2008. What words in Fontaine s speech indicate that this could be a turning point in Canada s relations with Aboriginal peoples? 230 Unit 5: 1982 Present
Shannen s Dream: Safe and Comfy Schools Shannen Koostachin just wanted to go to a real school. The school in her Cree community, Attawapiskat, was condemned in 2000 because of an oil spill that had happened nearby. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada put up 14 portables until a new school could be built. The portables were not designed for the harsh climate of Northern Ontario, and by 2008, Koostachin was fed up with the overcrowding and bad condition of the portables. She and her Grade 8 class started a social media campaign Education Is a Human Right to try to get a new school built. All students in Canada deserve a learning environment that they are proud to attend. That gives them hope. We want the same hope as every other Canadian student. Figure 21 Shannen Koostachin speaks at a national press conference in Ottawa on May 28, 2008. She believed that Aboriginal children should not have to beg for equal rights. What words does Koostachin use that indicate she is at a turning point? Campaign Lives On Koostachin died tragically in a car accident in 2010, at the age of 15. The other students in Attawapiskat did not give up; they formed the campaign Shannen s Dream and continued campaigning for a new school. Thousands of students across Canada participated in letter-writing campaigns and rallies to help fight for a new school for Attawapiskat. Construction on the new school began in 2012. CITIZENSHIP Consider an issue or problem in your own school or community. How could you improve the situation? Who might you contact to help? Figure 22 This poster for the Shannen s Dream campaign shows Shannen Koostachin speaking on Parliament Hill in June 2008. She has just met with Chuck Strahl, Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, and been told there is not enough money for a new school. She tells the crowd that she will never give up. In 2010, 74 percent of schools in First Nations communities across Canada were in dire need of repair or replacement. CHECK IN 1. Continuity and Change Were the events of 2008 turning points in the history of the relationship between Aboriginal peoples and the government in Canada? Why, or why not? 2. Formulate Questions What inquiry questions can you ask to discover whether the quality of life of Aboriginal people today has improved or declined since 2008? Chapter 12: Shaping Canada: 2001 Present 231
WHO HAS HAD AN IMPACT ON CANADIAN ARTS AND CULTURE? K naan: From Struggle to Fame K naan was born Keinan Abdi Warsame in Somalia. He became a refugee at the age of 13 because of civil war in that country. He fired his first gun at age 8 and witnessed the murder of three friends at age 11. After coming to Toronto, life was still difficult. K naan was arrested 15 times as a teenager, spent months in jail, and dropped out of high school. Many of his friends ended up in prison or shot dead. K naan decided he needed to do better. He started writing poetry and rapping, posting his work online. Much of his work refers to the conflict in Somalia and speaks out against injustice. Going to Toronto was great in all the textbook things. Here was a place where you weren t in war. Great quality of life, good culture, good schools, but you have to understand that that is relative. Those checked boxes and dreams don t apply to people equally in Canada. When you are an immigrant and a Black immigrant where your parents don t come with a certain education and you are running from war and you have nothing, you are at the mercy of society. Figure 23 Canadian singer K naan became an international superstar when a version of his song Wavin Flag was chosen as the anthem for the 2010 FIFA World Cup of soccer in South Africa. He is seen here performing in South Africa on July 6, 2010. Figure 24 In an interview with CBC News in 2010, K naan recalls his experience as an immigrant in the early 1990s. Is K naan s personal experience important to all Canadians? Why, or why not? 232 Unit 5: 1982 Present
Figure 25 Rick Mercer bungee jumps in Whistler, B.C., with Rick Hansen, paralympian and advocate for spinal-cord injury survivors. The original broadcast reached millions. This video has been seen over 390 000 times on YouTube. Rick Mercer: Ranting with Purpose Over a million viewers watch Rick Mercer s newsstyle comedy show each week. Mercer travels the country, talking with Canadians from all walks of life. He has made fun of Canadian politicians, both past and present, and joked with countless celebrities. Through his humour and passion, Mercer has engaged Canadians in various issues. His 90-second rants have covered everything from teen suicide to the Canadian government s treatment of veterans and the 2013 Senate scandal. Deepa Mehta: Challenging Stereotypes Deepa Mehta, an award-winning filmmaker, immigrated to Canada in 1973 from India. She has created many controversial movies and documentaries exploring issues related to culture and individual rights. Her films, set in Canada and India, look at relationships among people of different races and religions, and explore violence and discrimination faced by women and girls. Figure 26 Deepa Mehta on the set of her film Water (2005). The story tackles the issues of arranged marriage and the harsh treatment of widows in India. CHECK IN 1. Historical Significance Choose one of the Canadians profiled on these pages. How has that person had an impact on Canadian identity since 2001? 2. Communicate Write a song or poem that celebrates a significant Canadian of your choice. Tell some of his or her life story, and include details that explain why he or she should be honoured. Chapter 12: Shaping Canada: 2001 Present 233
1982 to PRESENT Looking Back Sexual orientation protected under Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Canada s constitution repatriated MuchMusic goes on air Montréal Massacre Moratorium on Atlantic cod fishing 1982 1984 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1994 Ethiopian famine Changes to divorce laws come into effect Free Trade Agreement signed with the United States Oka Crisis Genocide in Rwanda The Internet is born Chapter 10: Were the 1980s a turning point for Canadians? Chapter 11: Whose issues were being addressed in the 1990s? BIG IDEA What event or person since 1982 has most significantly shaped your life in Canada? Choose one of options A, B, or C to demonstrate your learning. Use the historical thinking concepts, inquiry skills, focus questions, timeline, and evidence to develop your answer. 238
Since 1982, Canadians have been redefining our relationships with one another and finding our place on the world stage. Individual rights set out in the Charter forced us to examine old laws as we welcomed new Canadians and reshaped our ideas of what it really means to be a Canadian. Second referendum on Québec separation Aboriginal People s Television Network launched Terrorist attacks on the United States lead to Canada s mission in Afghanistan Canada officially apologizes for residential school system 1995 1996 1998 1999 2001 2005 2007 2008 2010 2014 Dolly the sheep, the first cloned mammal, is born Women s hockey becomes an Olympic event Michaëlle Jean becomes Canada s third female and first Black governor general First smartphone launched K naan sings Wavin Flag at FIFA World Cup of soccer in South Africa G(irls)20 Summit founded Canada s mission in Afghanistan ends A MEMORIAL Design a memorial to commemorate the person or event since 1982 that has most significantly shaped your life. In your design, be sure to consider the following questions: How has this person or event shaped Canadian society? Why is the person or event significant? What are the legacies and consequences of the event or the person s actions? Chapter 12: Who and what have shaped Canadian society since 2001? B MUSEUM EXHIBIT Design a museum exhibit about the event or person since 1982 that has most significantly shaped your life. Be sure to include a section showing why this event or person is significant, a section showing multiple historical perspectives, and a section explaining the causes and/or consequences of the event or the person s actions. Evidence should be prominent in each section of your exhibit. C POSTER Create a poster that shows how the event or person since 1982 has significantly shaped your life. Be sure to include information about the social, political, and economic context. Use three pieces of evidence with captions to support your ideas. Each piece of evidence should relate to a historical thinking concept. Unit 5: 1982 Present 239