Chapter 7 Politics and Society in the New Republic, 1787-1820
The Political Crisis of the 1790s Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton The Federalist Implement the Constitution Swept the election of 1788 George Washington president John Adams vice president Devising the New Government Executive department: Foreign Affairs (state)- Finance (treasury)- War- Judiciary Act of 1789- The Bill of Rights Safeguarded fundamental personal rights like: This eased Antifederalists concerns of oppressive government Balance of national and state government
Hamilton s Financial Program Enhance national authority and assist financiers and merchants Three path-breaking reports to Congress: Public Credit: Redemption and Assumption Hamilton asked Congress to redeem at face value the $55 million in Confederation securities held by foreign and domestic investors. Why? Created a national debt from paying wealthy speculators Accepted war debt from states Why was this criticized? How did he win political support in VA and MD? Creating a National Bank Jointly owned Responsibilities: Thomas Jefferson and James Madison opposition Why?
Raising Revenue through Tariffs Raising revenue to pay interest Excise tax Whisky tax Higher protective tariffs vs. revenue tariffs Sold western land (Jefferson)
Jefferson s Agrarian Vision The Federalists split into two factions Hamiltonians remained Federalists from the. Jeffersonians called themselves from the. The French Revolution 1789 helped Jefferson s cause. How? The French Revolution Divides Americans In 1793 President G. Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality Ideological Politics Most Americans welcomed the Revolution. Why? Why did some condemn the Revolution? Whisky Rebellion created fear of domestic insurgency Washington raised army of 12,000 to disperse Whiskey Rebels Jay s Treaty Washington sent John Jay to England to protect merchant neutrality during war The U.S. -accepted Britain's right to stop neutral ships and required U.S. to pay pre-revolutionary debt England- Federalists= pro-british foreign policy
The Rise of Political Parties The First Party System Most Americans were against parties. Why? John Adams ( ) was elected president in 1796. The XYZ Affair 1798- French foreign prime minister Talleyrand solicited a loan and bribe from American diplomats to stop the seizures. Effect: Constitutional Crisis and the Revolution of 1800 Naturalization Act Alien Act Sedition Act Republican outrage- Republicans set forth states rights interpretation of the Constitution States had a right to judge the legitimacy of national laws The Election of 1800 Thomas Jefferson ( ) was elected president. Tie vote with Aaron Burr was a tie. Controversy similar to 2000 election. Significance-
The Westward Movement and Jeffersonian Revolution The Expanding Republic and Native American Resistance Conflict over Land Rights Invoking the Paris treaty and regarding Britain's Indian allies as conquered peoples, the U.S. government asserted both sovereignty over and ownership of the trans-appalachian west, Indian nations rejected both claims. Farmers moving to Indiana and Illinois territories sparked new conflicts with Native Americans. Assimilation Rejected Migration and the Changing Farm Economy South Migrants Landlessness and opposition to slavery Slaveholders from Carolinas- Increase in slavery; cotton gin Innovation on Eastern Farms
The Jeffersonian Presidency Pirates in North Africa demanded tribute from merchants in the Mediterranean How was this issue resolved? Marbury vs. Madison (1803)- Reversing Federalist policies Alien and Sedition Acts Amended the Naturalization Act Shrinking government Abolished all internal taxes including Whiskey Tax Reduced size of army Repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801 Jefferson and the West Pinckney s Treaty- Supported policies to make it easier for farmers to acquire land
The Louisiana Purchase Napoléon violated Pinckney s Treaty Losing the Haitian Revolution Effect: Jefferson pragmatically accepted a loose interpretation of the Constitution Secessionist Schemes Federalists threatened secession fearing western expansion Ex-vice president Aaron Burr conspired to seize territory in New Spain or establish LA as a separate nation Lewis and Clark Meet the Mandan and Sioux 1804 Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore First maps with details of natural resources
The War of 1812 and the Transformation of Politics Conflict in the Atlantic and the West France and England blocked and seized American vessels trading the other English were involved in impressment of Americans 8000 American navy officers impressed Chesapeake attacked in 1803 The Embargo of 1807- Effect: James Monroe ( ) elected in 1808 Western War Hawks England violates Treaty of Paris and Jay s Treaty
The War of 1812 Cause: Federalist Oppose the War Why? By 1815, England grew tired of war Treaty of Ghent 1815 The Federalist Legacy After the war the Federalist split into 2 factions and eventually crumbled Marshall s Federalist Law John Marshall- Asserting National Supremacy McCulloch vs. Maryland 1819- Gibbons vs. Ogden 1824-
Upholding Vested Property Rights Fletcher vs. Peck 1819- Dartmouth College vs. Woodward 1819- The Diplomacy of John Quincy Adams The Adams-Onis Treaty 1819- Monroe Doctrine Era of Good Feelings