MIGRANT WELL-BEING AND DEVELOPMENT - Official Launch - Friday, 13 September 2013 Palais des Nations Geneva, Switzerland
World Migration Report (WMR) Series WMR 2013 Migrant Well-being and Development : - Seventh report in WMR series - Focus on the migrant IOM s flagship publication 2
Presentation outline I. Policy context II. Distinctive features of the Report III. Five key messages IV. Key findings The four pathways of migration Migrant well-being: Evidence from the Gallup World Poll 3
1. Policy context: Opportunities to shape the global dialogue and action on migration HLD 2013: IOM contributions and recommendations ICPD+20: Review of the Programme of Action to indicate way forward Post-2015 development framework: why and how to include migration? 4
1. Policy context: Call for more holistic approaches to measure development Growing interest in measuring happiness and well-being Perceptions of well-being as a new way to measure societal progress Less about poverty reduction in poor countries, and more about human development worldwide. 5
I. Policy context: Measuring human well-being Development community increasingly focusing on measuring well-being what we measure affects what we do the time is ripe for our measurement system to shift emphasis from measuring economic production to measuring people s well-being (Joseph Stiglitz, Amartya Sen and Jean-Paul Fitoussi, 2010) United Nations General Assembly: we need to put the notion of well-being and sustainability at the core of the reflections about the future shape of the global development framework beyond 2015 (UN DESA, 2012) 6
II. Three distinctive features of the Report 1. First ever global report on migrant well-being II. Drawing upon a unique source of data covering 25,000 migrants in more than 150 countries III. More thorough, balanced discussion on migration and development by focusing on all four pathways of migration 7
III. Five key messages I. Placing migrants at the centre of the debate II. Development is about human well-being III. Migration is not just a South North phenomenon IV. Migration improves human development, but many migrants still struggle to achieve satisfactory levels of well-being V. Way forward and post-2015: developing a global barometer of migrant well-being 8
IV. Key findings The four pathways of migration
IV. Key findings: Comparing four pathways of migration Why four pathways of migration? Global North and South: No common definition Differences within each pathway Four pathways closely interlinked 10
IV. Key findings: Comparing four pathways of migration Most international migrants move from the South to the North or between countries in the South 11
IV. Key findings: Comparing four pathways of migration The number of South North migrants increased the most during the last two decades......but they represent less than half of all international migrants 12
IV. Key findings: Comparing four pathways of migration Most international migrants originate in the South BUT people in the North are more likely to migrate 13
IV. Key findings: Comparing four pathways of migration A small majority of international migrants are male, except in the case of North North migration, where the majority are female. Migrants in the South are more likely than those in the North to be at the low and high extremes of the age distribution. Migrants in the North are more clustered within the working age. 14
IV. Key findings: Comparing four pathways of migration More than half of the top 20 migration corridors are accounted for by people migrating from South to South Top 20 migration corridors worldwide (migrant stock, in thousands), using the World Bank classification, 2010 Source: IOM calculations, based on UN DESA, 2012b. Source: IOM calculations, based on UN DESA, 2012b. 15
IV. Key findings: Comparing four pathways of migration Most global remittances go from North to South (at least 43%), but there are significant South South and North North flows. 16
IV. Key findings: In focus North South Overlooked, increasing trend during the last decade Drivers of North South migration: - Economic opportunity - Expansion of global companies - Return migration - Student migration - Retirement Potential development impact Issue of data reliability 17
IV. Key findings Migrant well-being: Evidence from the Gallup World Poll
IV. Key findings: Evidence on migrant well-being from Gallup World Poll GALLUP WORLD POLL: A unique source of data on international migration 2009 2011 global database, covering >150 countries newcomers <5 years Migrants Native-born 25,000 >400,000 long-timers >5 years Two methods of comparison: (a) Migrants (newcomers and long-timers) vs. native-born (b) Migrants vs. matched stayers in origin countries Some limitations 19
IV. Key findings: Evidence on migrant well-being from Gallup World Poll Gallup s definition of well-being: Well-being is about the combination of our love for what we do each day, the quality of our relationships, the security of our finances, the vibrancy of our physical health, and the pride we take in what we have contributed to our communities. (Rath and Harter, 2010) 20
IV. Key findings: Evidence on migrant well-being from Gallup World Poll Subjective well-being: how people evaluate their lives overall (evaluative), and affective states and experiences in real time (experiential). Financial well-being: personal finances, ability to live on current income, and satisfaction with standard of living. Career well-being: about employment situation, job views, and opportunities for entrepreneurship. 21
IV. Key findings: Evidence on migrant well-being from Gallup World Poll Physical well-being: quality of an individual s personal health, access to health care and medical insurance. Social well-being: about personal relationships and social networks (e.g. friends and support structures) Community well-being: relationships with the community (e.g. personal safety, confidence in national institutions) Measuring subjective experiences to capture migrant well-being in real life 22
IV. Key findings: Evidence on migrant well-being from Gallup World Poll Compared to similar people in the country of origin ( matched stayers ) Migrants in the North make the largest gains (than if they had not migrated): overall life evaluation increases, better off financially, and more satisfied with personal health and healthcare. Migrants in the South fare similarly or worse (than if they had not migrated): lower life evaluation, struggle more to get adequate housing, and worse health and health care. 23
IV. Key findings: Evidence on migrant well-being from Gallup World Poll Compared to native-born in destination countries Many migrants report poorer levels of wellbeing BUT results differ between migrants in the North (e.g. higher unemployment, lower incomes) and the South (e.g. more health problems, lower trust in national institutions, poorer personal safety) Duration of stay matters 24
IV. Key findings: Evidence on migrant well-being from Gallup World Poll Subjective well-being: Evaluative Migrants in the North rate their lives better than if they had not migrated while those in the South rate lives similarly or less favourably. 25
IV. Key findings: Evidence on migrant well-being from Gallup World Poll Subjective well-being: Experiential Overall, migrants are less likely to experience positive emotions and more likely to experience negative emotions, compared to the native-born. 26
IV. Key findings: Evidence on migrant well-being from Gallup World Poll Financial well-being Income disparities with the native-born more pronounced for South North than South South migrants Newcomers struggle the most but over time their situation improves 27
IV. Key findings: Evidence on migrant well-being from Gallup World Poll Financial well-being Migrants in the North have less trouble affording some basic necessities (food and shelter) than if they had not migrated the opposite is often the case for migrants in the South (e.g. shelter) 28
IV. Key findings: Evidence on migrant well-being from Gallup World Poll Career well-being Globally, migrants have a higher rate of labour force participation, underemployment and unemployment, compared to the native-born. 29
IV. Key findings: Evidence on migrant well-being from Gallup World Poll Career well-being Migrants in the North face higher unemployment than the nativeborn Migrants and the native-born in the South face similar levels of unemployment Migrants less likely than native-born to be in ideal job Unemployment rate, migrants and native-born, 2009 2011 Source: Gallup World Poll, 2009 2011 30
IV. Key findings: Evidence on migrant well-being from Gallup World Poll Physical well-being Migrants in the North gain in health outcomes (satisfaction with personal health, availability of quality healthcare, prevalence of insurance) when compared to those in their origin countries who did not migrate Migrants in the South show a loss on health-related dimensions 31
IV. Key findings: Evidence on migrant well-being from Gallup World Poll Physical well-being 32
IV. Key findings: Evidence on migrant well-being from Gallup World Poll Community well-being Migrants in the South are less likely than the native-born to feel safe, newcomers are the most likely to be victimized Migrants in the North have similar or more confidence in the institutions of their destination country than the native-born, particularly South North migrants 33
IV. Key findings: Evidence on migrant well-being from Gallup World Poll Community well-being 34
IV. Key findings: Evidence on migrant well-being from Gallup World Poll Social well-being North North and South South migrants are as well networked socially as the native-born South North migrants have weaker social support structures than the native-born; and weaker than if they had not migrated. 35
Conclusion Summing up and reminder of key messages
To sum up Migration improves well-being across a range of different dimensions Many migrants still struggle to achieve satisfactory levels of well-being Changes in the well-being of migrants differ between the four pathways of migration 37
To sum up North North overwhelmingly positive outcomes South North gains in economic situation, often at cost of emotional well-being and personal status North South diverse outcomes depending on motivations and type of migrant South South about survival, little gains, struggling like some groups of native-born 38
Reminder of the five key messages I. Placing migrants at the centre of the debate II. Development is about human well-being III. Migration is not just a South North phenomenon IV. Migration improves human development, but many migrants still struggle to achieve satisfactory levels of well-being V. Way forward and post-2015: developing a global barometer of migrant well-being 39
Structure of the 2013 Report Chapter I: Introduction to the theme Migrant well-being and development Chapter II: Current global migration situation across four migration pathways Chapter III: Review of existing research on the emerging field of happiness and subjective well-being Chapter IV: Findings on migrant well-being from the Gallup World Poll, examining outcomes on six core dimensions of well-being across the four migration pathways Chapter V: Conclusion and recommendations for future initiatives to monitor migrant well-being and the impact of migration on development 40
Further information on WMR 2013 Interested in learning more? Visit the WMR 2013 webpage at www.iom.int/cms/wmr2013 Full report, chapters and overview for free download WMR 2013 Working Papers providing regional perspectives Presentations of WMR 2013 seminars on the theme migrant well-being and development Useful reference materials: FAQs, factsheet, press release, etc. 41