International Development Issues and Challenges Third edition Mark McGillivray Matthew Clarke [ffisss, palgrave
Contents List of Figures and Tables List of Abbreviations ix x Introduction 1 Origins of the 'development' paradigm 1 Varied development experiences 5 Measuring development? 7 The failure of development 10 About this book 12 1 What is Development? 21 Mark McGillivray Traditional meanings of development 22 Contemporary meanings of development 29 Applying development dehnitions 40 Conclusion 48 2 Reassessing Development Theory 50 The global context for development ideas and policies 52 Theories of modernization 56 The challenge of dependency theory 59 The Asian miracle: challenges for modernization and dependency approaches 63 The rise of neoliberalism: globalization and development theory 66 The global financial crisis and emerging challenges to neoliberalism 70 3 The Economics of Development 78 The main drivers of growth: competing schools of thought 81 Policies to stimulate growth 92 Growth and development in a globalizing world: towards a new paradigm? 100 v
vi Contents 4 Continuing Crises: The Developing World and the Global Financial Crisis 108 Global and regional crises in historical context: learning the lessons 109 How has the risk of crisis increased in recent years? 110 Seeking to understand the causes of crises: the return of Marx, Keynes and Minsky 115 Other explanations for the GFC and ideas to prevent a recurrence 120 Asia and the global financial crisis 124 Africa and the global financial crisis 130 Latin America and the global financial crisis 134 The GFC and the future of globalization and North-South relations 136 5 Politics and Governance 138 Damien Kingshury The origins of developing countries 140 Political identity 141 The State and the nation 144 Militaries in politics 145 Democracy, democratization and regime change 146 Regime change 149 The State, society and democratization 155 State institutions 157 Governance 159 Conclusion 160 6 Aid and Development 162 The purpose of aid 162 Historical background 162 How much aid, to whom? 165 What has shaped levels and distribution of aid? 169 What has aid been like? 170 How effective has aid been? 175 Criticisms of aid 178 Aid in an era of globalization 179 Conflict and state-building 182 From the Millennium Development Goals to the Sustainable Development Goals 184 The future of aid for development 187
Contents vii 7 Defining and Measuring Poverty 190 Matthew Clarke Introduction 190 Defining poverty? 190 Measuring poverty 196 The recent experience of poverty 202 Conclusion 205 8 Community Development 207 Bottom-up versus top-down 208 External involvement 210 Background to Community development 212 Education as development 214 Social distinction 217 Social Organization 221 Co-operatives 223 Expecting the unexpected 225 Community development at work: the East Timor experience 226 Local versus global 230 9 Gender and Development 233 Sex and gender: what are we talking about? 234 Integrating women into development 235 Women and development: a new critique 236 Gender and development 237 Gender and adjustment 239 Gender and the environment 240 Postmodernism and difference 242 Community development approaches 245 Gender and globalization: the way ahead 248 Gender and governance 252 Gender and the Millennium Development Goals 254 Gender mainstreaming 257 10 Environment and Development 260 Global warming 263 Population reduction 265 Deforestation 270 Desertification 273
viii Contents Water 276 Political economy of the environment 280 Renewable energy 284 Triple bottom line 289 11 Security and Development 291 Revisiting the concept of security: linking security and development 295 The nature and costs of terrorism 304 Pacing the basic causes of terrorism and other human security issues 308 Conclusions: human security as a focus for development studies 317 References 319 Index 360