US Foreign Policy in a Challenging World

US Foreign Policy in a Challenging World

Marco Clementi Matteo Dian Barbara Pisciotta Editors US Foreign Policy in a Challenging World Building Order on Shifting Foundations 123

Editors Marco Clementi Department of Political and Social Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy Barbara Pisciotta Department of Political and Social Sciences Roma Tre University Rome Italy Matteo Dian Department of Political and Social Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy ISBN 978-3-319-54117-4 ISBN 978-3-319-54118-1 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54118-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017937926 Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface This book concludes a research project devoted to studying one of the most intriguing issues in current international relations: the role of the US in the spatially fragmented and highly uncertain contemporary international system. The book attempts to answer at least two fundamental questions: how has the US adapted to such a peculiar strategic environment? To what extent is the US still producing and sustaining order and what kind of order at the system level and within the different regional subsystems? This project has grown over time and has been discussed over the last two years, especially in the panels we organized, to this end, at the Italian Political Science Association conferences in Cosenza (10 12 September 2015) and Milan (15 17 September 2016). Many colleagues participated in these panels in person and others contributed to the project remotely. We thank them all for their highly appreciated scholarship and kind availability. The project resulted in a volume consisting of four parts. Part I deals with global issues and investigates what the US has done to defend its system-level interests, as well as the fundamental norms and practices on which it built the international order during the Cold War. Parts II IV deal with the most strategically relevant contemporary regional subsystems: Western and Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and the Asia-Pacific. These investigate the US posture towards these regions; the policies the US has taken to face the most relevant challenges in each of them; and whether, and if so how, these policies have been mutually influential with one another and with global policies. The US presidential elections took place when our journey was almost over. We factored the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States of America into the book, combining an issue area perspective with an overall review. Firstly, we asked our contributors to comment on how the Trump presidency could conceivably change the claims they were advancing in their chapters, which were devoted to considering specific aspects of US foreign policy. Secondly, we concluded the book with a chapter that placed President Trump against the backdrop of the US traditional foreign policy culture and posture, in order to grasp what v

vi Preface impact he could have on the basal guidelines of the US grand strategy, as well as on the international system. We thank the authors of this edited volume for engaging so astutely with the unexpected change in the US leadership. Even though, at the time we are writing early February 2017 the assessment of President Trump s foreign policy remains a matter for speculation, we are confident that the contributions of our authors offer useful insights into, and reflections on, the prospects for the US and the US-led international order. Of course, the responsibility for any remaining shortcoming rests solely with us. Pavia, Italy Bologna, Italy Rome, Italy Marco Clementi Matteo Dian Barbara Pisciotta

Contents Introduction: US Foreign Policy in Front of Global Uncertainty and Regional Fragmentation... 1 Marco Clementi and Barbara Pisciotta Part I The US Amidst Global Influence and Regional Dilemmas Spatial Fragmentation of, and US Support for, the Main Multilateral Institutions of the Western Order... 17 Carla Monteleone Containment Through Trade? Explaining the US Support for the Trans-Pacific Partnership.... 45 Arlo Poletti United States Antipiracy Policies: Between Military Missions and Private Sector Responsabilization.... 63 Eugenio Cusumano and Stefano Ruzza Shaping the Next Phase of US Non-proliferation Policy.... 83 Rupal N. Mehta and Rachel E. Whitlark The Stability of the US Hegemony in Times of Regional Divergence... 99 Marco Clementi Part II Europe and Transatlantic Relations What s in a Name? Walls, Immigrants, Ethnicity, and the Issue of US-Transatlantic Relations... 125 David G. Haglund Too Far Ahead? The US Bid for Military Superiority and Its Implications for European Allies.... 145 Andrea Locatelli vii

viii Contents Global Outreach and Regional Consequences: The Impact of US Interventionism on Transatlantic Relations... 165 Andrea Carati The US-Russia Conflict in the Ukrainian Crisis: Unipolarism Versus Revisionism?... 187 Barbara Pisciotta Part III The Middle East Towards a Post-Camp David Paradigm? US Foreign Policy in a Reshuffled Middle East... 213 Marco Pinfari The Terminal Decline of American Democracy Promotion in the Middle East.... 233 Oz Hassan Constructing a Regional Order Through Security: Strategies and Failures of US Policy Towards the Sahara-Sahel Region... 255 Edoardo Baldaro Mirage of Retrenchment: Obama and the Syrian Conflict... 279 Marina Calculli Israel, ISIS and the Iran Nuclear Deal: The Comeback of the Middle East in the 2016 American Presidential Campaign... 297 Marco Morini Part IV The Asia-Pacific The US Rebalancing and the Process of Regionalization in the Asia-Pacific... 317 Matteo Dian US Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOPs) in the South China Sea Able to Keep Chinese Territorial Expansionism in Check?... 339 Axel Berkofsky Confronting China s Cyberwarfare Capabilities: A Weapon of the Weak or a Force Multiplier?.... 357 Simone Dossi The US-Japan-Australia Trilateral Against the Backdrop of US Grand Strategy... 379 John C. Hemmings Conclusions: US Foreign Policy Under Trump, Years of Upheaval... 393 Matteo Dian

Editors and Contributors About the Editors Marco Clementi is an Associate Professor of International Relations at the University of Pavia (Italy); he also teaches International Relations at the University of Lugano (USI, Switzerland). His research focuses on the theory of international relations, with a special focus on theories of hegemony, security institutions and transatlantic relations. Matteo Dian is a Research Fellow at the Department of Political and Social Sciences of the University of Bologna (Italy). His research interests focus on US foreign policy, IR theory and Asian studies with particular attention to Japanese and Chinese foreign policy and regionalism. Barbara Pisciotta is an Associate Professor of Political Science at the Roma Tre University (Italy), where she teaches International Relations, International Politics and Democratization Processes. Her research focuses on the international and domestic dimension of democratization and the consolidation of the party systems in East and Central Europe. Contributors Edoardo Baldaro holds a PhD in Political Science from the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa-Institute of Human and Social Sciences (Italy). His main research interests are Foreign Policy Analysis, the re-elaboration of North-South relations, Africa, transnational terrorism and criminality. Axel Berkofsky is an Adjunct Professor at the University of Pavia (Italy) and a Senior Associate Research Fellow at the Institute of International Political Studies (ISPI, Milan-Italy). His research interests are amongst others Japanese and Chinese foreign and security policies, Asian security and EU-Asia relations. Marina Calculli is currently a Common Room Senior Research Fellow of St Antony s College (Middle East Centre)-University of Oxford (UK). Her research ix

x Editors and Contributors focuses on political violence in Syria and Lebanon, as well as on the cooperation between regular and irregular armed groups in the Middle East. Andrea Carati is an Assistant Professor in International Relations at the University of Milan (Italy) and an Associate Research Fellow at the Institute of International Political Studies (ISPI, Milan-Italy). His main research interests are military interventions, US foreign policy, NATO and transatlantic relations. Eugenio Cusumano is an Assistant Professor in International Relations and European Union studies at the University of Leiden (The Netherlands). His research concentrates on the role of non-state actors in military operations and humanitarian crises both on land and at sea, with a focus on the increasing use of Private Military and Security Companies and the involvement of NGOs in Search and Rescue operations in the Mediterranean. Simone Dossi is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of Milan (Italy) and a Non-Resident Research Fellow at T.wai-Torino World Affairs Institute (Italy). His research interests include China s foreign and security policy, the military doctrine of the People s Liberation Army, and the evolving nature of civil-military relations in PRC history. David G. Haglund is a Professor of Political Studies at Queen s University (Canada). His research focuses on transatlantic security, Canadian and American international security policy, and ethnic diasporas and their impact upon security relations between the United States and Canada. Oz Hassan is an Associate Professor of International Security at the University of Warwick (UK). His research focus is on transatlantic relations with the Middle East and North Africa, with a particular focus on security issues and political reform. John C. Hemmings recently completed his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics and Political Science (UK). He is also an Adjunct Fellow in the Japan Chair of the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington D.C. (US). His research focuses on security and foreign policy in North East Asia. Andrea Locatelli is an Assistant Professor at the Catholic University of Milan (Italy), where he holds courses in Political Science and Strategic Studies. His research focuses on the theory of international relations, security studies and transatlantic relations.

Editors and Contributors xi Rupal N. Mehta is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (US). Her research interests lie in international security and conflict, with a specialization in nuclear non-proliferation/counterproliferation, extended deterrence, nuclear latency, force structure, and deterrence and coercion strategy. Carla Monteleone is Associate Professor of Political Science and International Relations at the University of Palermo (Italy). Her main research interests are in security studies, multilateralism and multilateral institutions (in particular the UN), EU foreign and security policy, and Italian foreign and security policy. Marco Morini is Senior Research Fellow in Political Science at the University of Padua (Italy). His research interests are US Politics, Political Communication, Comparative Politics and the study of Populism. Marco Pinfari is an Assistant Professor of International Relations at the Department of Political Science, American University in Cairo (AUC, Egypt). His research focuses on regional security, terrorism and domestic conflict, with a regional specialization on the Middle East and North Africa. Arlo Poletti is an Associate Professor of International Political Economy at the Department of Sociology and Social Research of the University of Trento (Italy). His research focuses on the politics of trade, the politics of international regulation, and the politics of international cooperation more broadly. Stefano Ruzza is an Assistant Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of Turin (Italy) and Head of Research of T.wai-Torino World Affairs Institute (Italy). His research interests mainly focus around conflict transformation, non-state armed actors in international relations and on private military and security companies. Rachel E. Withlark is an Assistant Professor in the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs at the Georgia Institute of Technology (US). Her research lies in international security and foreign policy decision-making and focuses on nuclear weapons, proliferation, US grand strategy, global public goods provision, and threat perception.