Página 1 de 8 page 249 Index Accumulation funds, 52, 87-8, 179, 180 Administrative centralisation, 23, 26, 85, 92; in planned economies, 31, 176-7; quality and quantity control in, 93 Administrative management, bureaucratisation of, 83, 86, 90-2; and economic subjects, 74, 83, 85; role of, 86 Administrative share-out, 56-7, 60 Administrative subordination, 82, 85, 90-3 Agricultural cadres, 78 Agriculture, and economic subject, 73-4, 75; industrial products consumed by, 48-9; and nationalisation of land, 46; new techniques in, 51; planning in communes, 78-9; transition period in, 123-4; vertical integration in, 66-7; working groups in, 76-8; see also Collective-farm sector Alienation, 155, 156 Althusser, Louis, 13, 14-15, 144, 155, 156 Anti-Dühring (Engels), 33, 34, 43, 48, 166 Appropriation, formal and real mode of, 24, 25-6, 29, 127-8, 134, 225-6; homology of forms of, 25-6; and level of productive forces, 152-3 Authority, and effective capacity, 45 Automation, 54, 70, 174, 176 Bachurin, A., 210 Balibar, Etienne, 15, 24, 25, 28, 226 Banking system, and centralised allotments, 58-9; funds for investments of, 102; of state, 32, 88 Berri, L., 49-50 Bettelheim, C., 180 Böhm-Bawerk, 151 Bolshevik Party, Ninth Congress 1920, 181 Bonuses, 97, 101 Bottigelli, E., 155, 163 Brody, Andras, 202, 212-13 Bukharin, Nikolai, 31, 111, 125-6, Bulgaria, 201 Bunich, P., 238 Bureaucratic domination, bureaucratisation, 62-3, 64, 82; in administrative hierarchy, 90-1; and economic subjects, 74, 83, 117 Business accounting, 100, 115-16, 137, 174, 186; see also Calculation, economic Buying and selling, 110; central office for, 57-8, 64; contracts for, 86-7; joint services for, 69; of means of production, 174; planned obligations in, 56-60; in state sector, 133 Calculation, economic, 77, 80, 186-9 passim, 212, 225, 229-30, 232-4; electronic, 64, see also Electronic tools; internal, 79; requirements of, 38, 57, 62; strategic, 229, 243 Capacity, effective, to account and allot, 127-8, 129-30, 168-9; and authority, 45; to dispose of means of production, 45, 130, 140; of economic subject, 75 Capital (Marx), 14, 151, 160, 163-4, 224; on price-systems, 195, 208, 211-12, 214-15, 218, 220, 223, 231, 236 Capitalism, capitalist modes of production, 14-15; British, 15; calculation techniques in, 231; contradictions of, 164-5; dissolution of, 20-1; fragmentation under, I35; horizontal concentration in, 65; labour-process in, 217-18; price system of, 195-6, 201, 211, 213, 240, 243; social forms of ownership in, 43, 52, 164; in socialist structures, 17; theoretical foundations of, 151, 212; transition to, 15, 24-5; vertical integration in, 66-70 Capitalist property, 163-4 Centralisation, functional and bureaucratic, 64-5
Página 2 de 8 132, 150, 172 Centralised allotments, 56-60, 62, 106, 110 page 250 Centralised economic management, 60-5, 134; of oil refineries and railways, 61, 73; of power sutions, 61, 73, 75 Chemical industry, integration in, 68-9 China, agricultural reform in, 29; development of co-operatives in, 52; individual production in, 131; people's communes in, 53, 78-9, 95; planned economy of, 32; state capitalism in, 52 Chou Ti-chin, 79 Chronological gap, 25 Class coalitions, 22 Collective-farm sector, 35-6, 39-40; direct planning in, 46; economic levers in, 46-7; and level of productive forces, 128-9; and local markets, 131; means of production of, 108-9; mergers in, 53; prices of, 235; transition to public property of, 132; work brigades in, 76-7 Collective ownership, 166-7 Collectivisation, 35-6, 46, 51 Comecon, 201 Commodity categories and commodity production, 28, 32-3, 34-6, 87, 221, 227; conditions for disappearance of, 39-40, 45, 47, 57, 60-3, 65, 70-1, 132; disappearance of, 44, 84, 110, 120, 134-5, 172-5; and freedom of manoeuvre, 136-7; reasons for, 41-2, 178; within state sector, 36-42, 55-6, 59, 104, 107, 109-10, 130, 135-8, 175-6; and technico-economic integration, 176 Communist Manifesto, 159 Compartmentalisation, 92, 114 Conditions for new modes of production, 19-21 Conformity, lack of, 23; see also Noncorrespondence Conjunctures, structure of, 21 Constitution, theory of, 19-20 Consumer goods, 175, 177, 182; as commodity categories, 37-8; profitability standard of, 193 Consumption, 117-18 Consumption funds, 179, 202 Contractual relations, 86-8, 105-6, 173-4 Contradictions, 23, 25; analysis of, between productive forces and organisational forms, 126 Co-operative contracts, 88 Co-operative production, 50, 51, 53 Co-operation, 28, 36, 66, 67 Costs, of production, see Production costs; of reverse linkage, 222-3, 231, 234; social, see Social costs Credit-appropriation system, 58, 59-60 Credit contracts, 87-8 Critique of the Gotha Programme (Marx), 32-3, 38, 47, 137, 159, 239 Csikos-Nagy, 41, 208-10 Cuba, 19, 29, 168; administrative shareout in, 60; agricultural cadres in, 78; agricultural reform in, 131, 172; conditions for socialist revolution in, 153; 'Consolidados' in, 63, 129; National Sugar Commission, 113; transition phases in, 131, 171 'Cultured capitalists', 170 Curreney tokens, 62, 112 Czechoslovakia, 32, 61, 202, 209 Dantzig, G. B., 233 Decision-making centre, 55 Decisions, 73, 75-6; economic, 81-2, 107-8, 230, 242; macro and micro, 105, 108; nature of, 88-90; and prices, 187; teehnical, 81, 89-90, 107; working-out of, 84 Demand and supply, 59, 136 Directors, 118, 128 Disposal and control, rights of, 54 Distribution, of labour, 173; of means of production, 174; organisation of, 137-8, 142 Division of labour, and economic subject, 74; technical, 55, 81 Dumont, Rene, 115 Economic autonomy, disappearance of, 61; of economic subjects, see Economic subjects; of production-units, see Production-units, relative autonomy of 'Economic levers', 46-7, 84-5 Economic hierarchy, 82-3, 89-90; types
Página 3 de 8 149-50, 152, 160-1; capitalist and socialist, 164-5; between co-operatives and state organs, 54; between interest of economic subjects and collective interest, 97-8; in Marxist dialectics, 145-6; and non-correspondence, 26; in planning targets, 100; principal, 144-50, 153-4; of, 90-4 Economic laws, and productive forces, 138; and socialism, 125-6, 132, 133, 136 Economic management, see Centralised economic management Economico-juridical subjects, contractual relations of, 86-8; hierarchy of, 75; loss of autonomy of, 90-1 page 251 Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts (Marx), 154-7, 163 Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR (Stalin), 34-5, 37-8, 107, 108, 126, 133, 138, 189 Economic structures, 16-18 Economic subjects, 64, 69, 107, 224; autonomy of, 97-8, 102, 104, 105, 107-8, 110; and contractual relations, 105-6; detemmination of, 72-6, 80; and economic decisions, 81-2, 230, 242; internal structure of, 72, 76-82; investment funds of, 101-2; and juridical subject, 71-2, 74-5, 93; objective conditions for single subject, 62-4, 134; and planning, 83-5, 93-107; reduction of, 97, 107; subordination and hierarchy of, 82-6, 178-9 Economic surplus, 52 Economism, 227 Economy of the Transition Period, The (Bukharin), 31 Education, role of, 122 Electronic tools, 64, 70, 116-17, 135, 142, 176, 203, 233, 242-3 Emmanuel, A., 194 Empiricism, 143, 147-9 passim; and theory, 21O-11, 214; and value problem, 216-18 Enclosure acts, 19 Engels, Friedrich, 151, 153, 229; on commodity production, 34-5, 42, 43, 234-5; criticism of Erfurt Programme, 165; Elberfeld speech, 32; on Marxism as ethics, 155-6; on productive forces, 47-8, 122; on state ownership, 43, 166 Equilibrium rate of growth, 213 Exchange, freedom of, 130-1, 141; organisation of, 130-7; and socialist production, 132-7; see also Market mechanism Exploitation, systems of, 21 Feudal mode of production, 15, 24 Ganczer, S., 201 German Democratic Republic, 61, 194, 237-8 Germany, 68 Godelier, Maurice, 239 Growth rates, 238-9 Guevara, 'Che', 153, 160 Hegel, Georg W. E., 156, 158 Horizontal concentration, 65 Humanism, 154-6 Hungary, 61; National Prices Office, 190; price calculations in, 188, 191, 192, 201-4, 209 India, 22 Indonesia, 22 Industrial enterprises, integration of, 67, 68-9; production of consumer goods by, 175-6, 182; socialisation of, 170 The Industrial Revolution, 25 Industry, economic subject in, 73; light, 194, 199-200; large-scale, 25; optimum size of working groups in, 77; organisation of, 181; profitability of, 199; and value form, 241 Information, selection of, 92; transmission of, 73, 75, 80-1 Innovations, 103, 205; see also Products, new Introduction to a Critique of Political Economy (Marx), 144 Integration, economic, 113-14, 176-7; forms of, 65-71, 133; technical, 73, 176-7 Investments, investment funds, 179, 198, 207-8; depreciation of, 203, 236; planning of, 84, 175, 242; rate of profit for, 197-8, 200, 202-4; without security, 101-3; unequal intensity of, 200; waste of, 198, 207 Ivanov, 41
Página 4 de 8 Feuerbach, Ludwig, 155, 156 Forecasts, and production targets, 104-5, 108, 110, 176; see also Social forecasting Foreign trade, and commodity production, 35, 37, 142 France, 69 Freedom of manoeuvre, see Economic autonomy Fuel and power sector, new prices for, 237-8; profitability rates in, 199-200 Full employment, 52 Joint-stock companies, 120, 164-5 Joshua, Isy, 183 Juridical concepts, 133-4, 166, 169-70 Juridical powers, 109-10, 128-9 Juridical subject, 63, 69-70; and economic subject, 71-2, 74-5, 128; see also Economico-juridical subject Kautsky, Karl, 165 Khozraschet, 187 Khrushchev, Nikita, 79-80 Kronstadt revolt, 23 page 252 Labour, labour-time, actually expended, 215-17 passim; calculation of, 62, 177; concrete, 217, 224-5; economic, 217; internal organisation of, 76; payment for, 177; socialisation of, 48-9, 50, 138; socially necessary, 135, 172-3, 177, 189-90, 201, 215-16, 225; subjection to capital of, 25, 218; and value, 209, 210, 213, 216-17, 241 Labour contracts, 87 Labour-process, 239-40; integration of, 232; structure of, 217 Labour-saving, 202, 207, 217, 219; minimum rate of, 196; principle of, 222, 230 L'alliance de la classe ouvrière et de la paysannerie (Lenin), 35 Land, nationalisation of, 46 Lange, Oskar, 100, 106, 127 Law of value, 37, 39, 40, 100; and socialist society, 126, 127, 136, 196 'Left-wing' childishness and petty-bourgeois mentality (Lenin), 44-5, 127, 169 Leisure, 118 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 19, 23, 26; and Bukharin, 31, 111, 125; on commodity exchange, 35; on co-operation, 36; on economic systems in Russia, 17; on free exchange, 131, 141; on Hegel, 158; on industrial organisation, 181; and Leftwing Communism, 44-5, 159; on Marxist analysis, 148; on monopoly capitalism, 165-6; on socialisation, 44-5, 127-8, 169-70; on socialist and private sectors, 123; on state bank, 88; on transitional stages, 171 Leninism, 151 Leontief's table of matrix relations, 212 Liberman, 97, 100, 197-8 Lisichkin, 210 27, 60, 130, 135, 178, 227, 229, 240 Marx, Karl, 22, 41, 108, 151, 153, 158; analysis of value and prices, 213-14, 217, 218, 220-3, 231, 236-7; analytical method of, 152; on bourgeoisie, 159; on commodity production, 32-3, 38, 42; on distribution, 137; early humanism of, 154-7; on forms of ownership, 164-6; formulation of planned economies, 34; on labour-process, 239-40, 241; on modes of appropriation, 24, 25; on modes of production, 15, 16, 19; and problems of transition, 14-15, 144, and social forms of production, 122, 139-40 Marxism, 212; distortion of, 143, 147 Marxist dialectics, abstract and concrete in, 144, 146-50, 159; and analysis of contradictions, 145-50; and ideology, 154-7; and price policies, 211; and social practice, 150-2 Material incentives, 138, 197; fund for, 100-1 Matrix calculation, 212, 233 Means of production, as commodities, 37, 172-3; common or state ownership of, 32-3, 34-5, 36, 43-4, 48, 50, 53, 133, 166-7, 228; distribution of, 174; effective capacity to dispose of, 45, 130, 140; levels and forms of ownership of, 50-5; private ownership of, 163-4; right to productive use of, 109; socialisation of, 70, 122, 166, 170; social origin of, 48-9; and the worker, 24-5 Mediations, 23, 26, 178; forms of, 29
Página 5 de 8 Liu Jo-chin, 78-9 Luxemburg, Rosa, 125, 139 McAuley, A. N. D., 239 Management, quality of, 187-8; reform of, 200, 207 Management centres, 64 Management councils, 54 Mandel, Ernest, 143, 146-7, 149-50, 153, 157-9 passim, 163, 165-6, 168, 172-3 Manufacture, 24 Mao Tse-tung, 126, 146 Marginal utility, 209, 210 Market mechanism, 23,26; and planning, 94, 173-4; and prices, 182-3, 204, 209-10, 214; in socialist economies, Mergers, in capitalist economies, 113, 114; of co-operative units, 53 Modes of production, 14; concepts and reality of, 15, 17-18; conditions for new, 19-21; dominant, 16-18, 20; fundamental contradiction in, 153; 'impurities' or 'residues' in, 15-16; interaction of, 16-17; in world economy, 18 Money, 130; role of, in socialist state sector, 58, 104, 110, 136, 174 Muratov, D., 77 National economies, 18, 20 Nationalisation, see Statisation National planning centre, 84, 85 Nemchinov, 102, 197-8, 236 Neo-colonialism, 13, 29 N.E.P., 26-8 passim, 145, 186 page 253 'Net income' of production, 190, 191, 193; see also Profitability standard New techniques, rapid introduction of, 51 Non-correspondence, between juridical relations and production-relations, 91; between property forms and content, 54; between property relations and relations of appropriation, 225-6, 228; in transition phase, 24-7, 29, 223-4 Novozhilov, 195, 197-8, 231, 237 Obligatory 'indices', 31 October Revolution, 18, 22, 46, 148 Orders, 89-90; subordination to, 85; transmission of, 73 Origins, theory of, 21 Planned economies, commodity production in, 37-42; freedom of manoeuvre in, 136; and market economies, 183; organisation of, 31-2; organisational changes in, 33-4; planning authorities in, 83-4 Planning, 45, 55, 84; capitalist, 165-6; consultation and participation in, 951; contradictions in, 100; and distribution of means of production, 173-4; and electronic tools, 142; and integration, 70, 133; internal technical, 69; Liberman's proposals for, 100-1; and market mechanism, 94, 173-4, 240; problems of, 94-107; socialist economic, 133-4, 179; in transitional econo- Practice, contradictions of, 152-4; factors of, 150-2, 160; and theory, 210 Praxis, 156, 157 Price-fixing, 204-6, 209 Price-mechanism, 59, 61, 136, 177, 182; see also Market mechanism Price policy, 99-101 passim, 221, 227-8 Price of production, 195-201, 202, 213 Prices, based on labour value, 212-13; based on 'prices of production', 195-201, 237; based on world prices, 201-2; debate on, 188-202, 206, 208-9; dual or political, 230-1, 243; and economic calculation, 186-8; economically significant, 85; imaginary, 220-1, 222, 228, 233; and own costs, 191-4, 237; planned variation of, 222, 240-1; problems of, 184-5; role of, 184; in state sector, 235; and values, 177, 190-1, 202, 209, 218, 220 Price-systems, divergencies in, 193, 199 200, 206-7; and economic calculations, 186-9; exceptions in, 189-90, 221; intervention in, from political level, 242; mathematical methods for, 188-9; and planned targets, 228, 230; proposals for, 189-202; reforms of, 194, 199-201, 206-7, 235-6; simplification of, 188; in Soviet Union, 186-8, 199, 201, 209-10; structure of, 186; theories and concepts about, 210-14, 218-19, 228; in transitional economies 219, 220, 223-7, 228-9, 233-4; and 'two-channel prices', 202-4, 234 Private ownership, 114, 163-4, 167; and productive forces, 25; in transition
Página 6 de 8 mies, 224-5, 232-3 Planning authorities, 83-5; and production targets, 104-5 Plans, annual character of,103; degree of exactness of, 98-9; draft, 96, 97-8, 104; realisation of, 46, 105-7; role of economic subjects in regard to, 94-8; structure of, 34; surpassing of, 97; targets of, 89, 99, 175, 178, 187; working-out of, 84, 95, 167-8, 230 Poland, 61, 194, 202 Political economy, disappearance of, 125-6; of socialism, 151, 152; see also Economic laws Political subordination, 82, 86; and economics, 140-1, 226; see also Transitional economies Political superstructures, 26 Polls, statistical, 105 Post-colonial economies, 13-14, 21-2, 29; transition features in, 27-8 Practical concepts, 13-14 to collective forms, 52 Private production, and commodity production, 36; and dictatorship of proletariat, 123; integration of, 70 Producer co-operatives, 36, 87, 118, 135, 137 Production, productlon processes, centralised management of, 60-5; co-operative, 50, 51; division of, 39-40; individual, 130-1; integration of, 134-5; interdependence of, 133; socialisation of, 48-9, 132-7; targets, 84, 104-5 Production costs, 186-7, 188; and prices, 191-2, 193, 197, 204, 237; unevenness of, 200, 205, 236 Production funds, see Investment funds Production-relations, 54, 133-4, 139-40; and commodity relations, 137; 'explicit model' of, 178-9; and juridical relations, 91; nature of, 127; and prices, page 254 Production-relations -- cont. 213; and productive forces, see Productive forces; and property, 127-30; social form of, 45; in state sector, 55-71; in transitional economy, 225, 228-9 Production-units, under bureaucratic authority, 63; and centralisation, 64; and centralised allotment, 57-8; compartmentalisation between, 92; decisions by, 31, 90; disappearing autonomy of, 61; and effective capacity, 129; interlinked or integrated, 61, 66-9, 90, 133, 173-4, 176; relative autonomy of, 55, 56, 58, 60, 136-7, 178, 237; role of, 33; self-financing, 137; specialisation and regrouping of, 51, 55, 65; and worker participation, 118-19 Productive forces, degree of socialisation of, 50-5, 84, 96, 107, 122-3; level of development of, 41, 47, 65, 70, 81, 107-8, 127, 137-8, 152, 168-9, 227; and production-relations, 47, 124, 146-8, 152-3, 171-2, 219, 226; social domination, socialisation of, 45-6, 47, 48, 63, 69-70, 117-18, 128-9; social nature of, 47-50; underdeveloped, 146 Productive use, right to, 109 Products, administrative share-out of, 56-7; circulation of, 62,86-7, 107; as commodities, 213; and labour, 173; 'Regulated costs', 186 'Regulating magnitudes', 219-22 passim, 228 Regulations, 85, 89; breach of, 91 'Revolutionary consciousness', 154, 157-8 Romania, 194 Semi-finished goods, supply of, 175 Shoruges, 56, 83, 106 Shvikov, Y., 49-50 Simulation techniques, 80, 116-17 Single state trust, 31, 132 Sitnin, V., 193 Social costs, measurement of, 214-15; and prices, 195-6, 198, 200, 202, 204, 206, 229 'Social-economic centre', 40-2, 71, 132 Social forecasting, 55, 60, 63, 89, 173-4, 176 Socialisation, of means of production, see Means of production; of productive forces, see Productive forces; and social ownership, 132; and statisation, 44-7, 169 Socialism, socialist modes of production, contradictions within, 165; and economic laws, 125-6; integration in, 70; political economy of, 151, 152; possibility and reality in, 167-9; problems of, 28-9; social practice in building of, 151; transition to, 20-1, 251 ; in
Página 7 de 8 new, 99, 101, 186, 205; social destination of, 48, 49-50, 55, 81, 87; standardisation of, 176 Profit, average rate of, 196-7, 213 Profitability, profit margin, 102, 186-8 passim, 192, 194, 198, 232, 243; rates of, 197, 199-200, 203-4, 237; standard of, 191, 193, 200 Programming calculations, linear and non-linear, 233, 242-3 Proletarian revolution, see Socialist revolution Proletariat, dictatorship of, 43, 123-4 Property forms, 34-7, 41, 163-4; adaptation of, 47-55; co-operative and public, 53, 133; and production-relations, 127-30; state socialist, 129, 134 Qualitative standards, 103-4 Quality control, 58, 93, 98; neglect of, 103; and prices, 205-6 Quantitative indices, 103-4 Rabitzky, B., 210 Raw materials, supply of, 175 under-developed countries, 153 Socialist economies, 33-4 Socialist revolution, and principal contradiction, 146-7; theory of, 151; transformation through, 154, 157-8 Socialist sector, organisation of, 124-30; and private sector, 123 Socialist trade, 136 Social needs, distribution in proportion to, 138; estimation of, 40-1, 61-2, 70, 84, 108, 117-18, 135-6, 173, 175, 177; satisfaction of, 195 Social ownership, lower levels of, 50; political and economic criteria for, 50-1; and socialisation, 132 Social relations, non-correspondence between, 223; and productive forces, 23 Social utility, 177 Soviet firms or enterprises, 112-13, 129 Soviet Union, agricultural cadres in, 78; collectivisation of agriculture in, 29, 75, 76; 'combines' in, 66, 67; development of socialist sector in, 124-5; Five Year plans, 46, 176, 180, 186; page 255 Soviet Union -- cont. mergers of collective and state farms in, 53; nationalisation of land in, 46; payment in sute farms of, 79; planned economy of, 32, 95-6; postponement of price reform in, 185, 193; power station networks in, 61; price-system of, see Price-systems; Soviet trusts, 64; work brigades in, 76-7 Sovnarkhozy, 85, 98, 101, 119, 129 Specialisation, 65 Stalin, Joseph, 71, 107-9 passim, 186; on commodity production, 34-5, 37-8, 39, 132-3, 141-2; on economic laws, 126, 138; on social contradictions, 139 State banking, 32, 88 State capitalism, 26, 29, 164-6 passim, 170, 220, 243 State farms, 53, 77, 79, 105 State intervention, 28; see also Transitional economies State ownership, 128, 133, 166, 224; and economic subject, 72, 178-9; implications of, 43-4, 53, 109; as juridical framework, 47, 51 State power, 179; disappearance of, 43-4, 47 State sector, 39-40; diversity of production units in, 41-2, 46, 62; juridical powers of, 109; and price-system, Trading co-operatives, 36 Trading organs, 106, 182 Transition, abstract and concrete concepts of, 144, 147-8; forms of, 13-14, 21-2, 221; ideal and historical, 20; from the potential to the real, 167-9; problems of, 22, 27, 166, 168-72; theory of, 14-19, 21, 22, 160-1 Transitional economies, commodity character of, 224-5; concepts of, 224-5 forms of non-correspondence in, 223-4, 225-6, 228, 232; intervention of political and ideological levels in, 226, 229; and price-systems, 219, 220, 223-7, 228-9, 233-4 Transition phases, 22-3; fundamental feature of, 24-8, 152; prolonged, 153; stages in, 23-4 Tsagolov, 190 'Two-channel prices', 202-4 USA, 68 USSR Academy of Sciences, 190 USSR Central Statistical Office, 198 USSR Institute of Mathematics Applied to the Economy, 236
Página 8 de 8 186; trading organs within, 106 Statisation, and efficiency, 140-1; and socialisation, 44-7, 169 Stocks, 106 Strumilin, 190 'Subjectivism', 189, 206 Supplier and user, direct links between, 58 Sur la 'moyenne ideale' et les formes de transition (Althusser), 14 Survivals, 15-16, 53, 87, 109-10, 137 Targets, 99; planning, see Plans; for production, 84, 104-5; quantitative, 103-4 Taxes and tax rates, 187, 201, 203, 204 Tax in kind, 35, 123 Technical departments, transformation into, 97, 107, 117 Terminology, 19-24 Theory, and technical practice, 210-11 Trade, see Foreign trade; Socialist trade Value, labour theory of, 209, 210, 213, 216-17, 220, 241; and prices, 177, 190-1, 202, 218, 221; see also Law of value Vertical integration, 65-71, 82 Vietnam, Democradc Republic of, 32 Vlahov, Ivan, 112 Von Neumann, 213 Wages, 137-8, 202-3 Welfare economics, 239 Wolfe, P., 233 Working groups, and decisions, 89-90, 107-8; and economic subject, 81; hierarchy in, 82,84; and internal economic calculation, 79; internal structuring of, 76; optimum size of, 77-9; payment of, 80; social personality of, 76, 80, 115; in Soviet agriculture, 76-7, 115 World production-relations, and national economies, 20; transition period in, 18-19 Yugoslavia, 27, 54, 219-20