Block# Name: Today s Date: Due Date: USII.4bd, 6a Immigration & Big Business 1870 1910 Special Note: pages 2, & 3 are the Essential Knowledge of this SOL. It is your responsibility to study this information, learn it, and know it for your quiz and test. This packet is intended to help you practice and understand this SOL better. Work hard and do your best! Use the boxes below to write notes to aid in your review of content standards for SOL testing. Key Vocabulary Key Individuals p. 2, 3 & 4 Notes (10 Points) p.6&7 Effects of Immigration (20 points) p.8 Immigration Quiz (24 points) p. 12 Communication Changes (8 points) p. 13 Captains of Industry (20 points) p. 14 Big Business Quiz (23 points)
STANDARD USII.4b starkclassroom The student will demonstrate knowledge of how life changed after the Civil War by b) explaining the reasons for the increase in immigration, growth of cities, and challenges arising from this expansion. Essential Understandings Essential Questions Essential Knowledge Essential Skills Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced interaction and often conflict between different cultural groups. Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced problems in urban areas. Why did immigration increase? Why did cities grow and develop? What challenges faced Americans as a result of these social and technological changes? Reasons for the increase in immigration Hope for better opportunities Desire for religious freedom Escape from oppressive governments Desire for adventure Reasons why cities grew and developed Specialized industries, including steel (Pittsburgh) and meat packing (Chicago) Immigration to America from other countries Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas for job opportunities Make connections between the past and the present. (USII.1b) Sequence events in United States history. (USII.1c) Interpret ideas and events from different historical perspectives. (USII.1d) Analyze and interpret maps that include major physical features. (USII.1f) Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements. Efforts to solve immigration problems Settlement houses, such as Hull House founded by Jane Addams Political machines that gained power by attending to the needs of new immigrants (e.g., jobs, housing) Discrimination against immigrants Chinese Irish Challenges faced by cities Tenements and ghettos Political corruption (political machines) 2
STANDARD USII.4d starkclassroom The student will demonstrate knowledge of how life changed after the Civil War by d) explaining the impact of new inventions, the rise of big business, the growth of industry, and life on American farms. Essential Understandings Essential Questions Essential Knowledge Essential Skills Between the Civil War and World War I, the United States was transformed from an agricultural to an industrial nation. What inventions created great change and industrial growth in the United States? What created the rise in big business? Inventions that contributed to great change and industrial growth Electric lighting and mechanical uses of electricity (Thomas Edison) Telephone service (Alexander Graham Bell) Make connections between the past and the present. (USII.1b) Sequence events in United States history. (USII.1c) Inventions had both positive and negative effects on society. What factors caused the growth of industry? How did industrialization and the rise in big business influence life on American farms? Reasons for the rise and prosperity of big business National markets created by transportation advances Captains of industry (John D. Rockefeller, oil; Andrew Carnegie, steel; Cornelius Vanderbilt, shipping and railroads) Advertising Lower-cost production Analyze and interpret maps that include major physical features. (USII.1f) Factors that resulted in growth of industry Access to raw materials and energy Availability of work force due to immigration Inventions Financial resources Examples of big business Railroads Oil Steel Postwar changes in farm and city life Mechanization (e.g., the reaper) reduced farm labor needs and increased production. Industrial development in cities created increased labor needs. Industrialization provided new access to consumer goods (e.g., mail order). 3
STANDARD USII.6a starkclassroom The student will demonstrate knowledge of the social, economic, and technological changes of the early twentieth century by a) explaining how developments in factory and labor productivity, transportation (including the use of the automobile), communication, and rural electrification changed American life and standard of living. Essential Understandings Essential Questions Essential Knowledge Essential Skills Technology extended progress into all areas of American life, including neglected rural areas. How was social and economic life in the early twentieth century different from that in the late nineteenth century? What factors increased factory and labor productivity? Results of improved transportation brought about by affordable automobiles Greater mobility Creation of jobs Growth of transportationrelated industries (road construction, oil, steel, automobile) Movement to suburban areas Make connections between the past and the present. (USII.1b) Interpret ideas and events. (USII.1d) Invention of the airplane The Wright brothers Use of the assembly line Henry Ford, automobile Rise of mechanization Communication changes Increased availability of telephones Development of the radio and broadcast industry Development of the movies Ways electrification changed American life Labor-saving products (e.g., washing machines, electric stoves, water pumps) Electric lighting Entertainment (e.g., radio) Improved communications 4
Increased Immigration to the United States By the mid Nineteenth Century (1850s), large scale industry had begun to take over European factories and farms. This rampant use of machinery resulted in increased output, but decreased the need for workers. Many Workers were replaced by Machines Machines are cheaper and more reliable In response, many Europeans decided to make the trip across the Atlantic Ocean to find a job, and a new life, in the United States; but that trip was not without hardships. Many immigrants could only afford the ticket, and therefore had to leave all of their personal belongings back in their home countries. Immigrants who entered the United States on the East Coast entered through Ellis Island in New York. Great Britain Ireland Country of Origin Why they left their home country What they tended to do when they made it to the United States Decreased job opportunities due to the Industrial Revolution, Over population resulting in food shortages An outbreak of Typhus combined with a nationwide Potato famine killed over a million Irishmen Emigrated to the northeast coast of the United States settling in states such as Massachusetts and Rhode Island working in Textile factories. Mainly settled in New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Illinois, Ohio and New Jersey working in agricultural positions Germany Germany Revolution of 1848 Over one million German s fled to the United States and settled mainly in interior states such as Illinois and Missouri and tended to work in agricultural fields Italy Low Wages and High Taxes, Over population Settled in urban areas such as New York, New Jersey and Boston, Massachusetts working in industrialized factories Asian Immigrants also entered the United States during the nineteenth century. Asian Immigrants tended to enter the US by way of the Pacific Ocean. These immigrants entered through Angel Island in California. Many Asian Immigrants worked for the railroad companies which were expanding the Transcontinental Railroad throughout the west. Of all the major immigrant groups to the United States between 1850 and 1910, the Irish and the Chinese tended to be the cultural groups most heavily discriminated against. USA Atlantic Ocean Europe Asia China Pacific Ocean 5
Effects of Immigration Since most of the immigrants to the United States were not wealthy, many could not afford to travel any further than Ellis Island or Angel Island once they arrived stateside. Therefore, urban areas such as New York City became very densely populated. Bricks = Dense Urban = City Heavy, Tight, Lots of people Feather = Less Dense Rural = Country Spread out, Light, Less People Reasons why cities grew and developed Specialized industries, including steel (Pittsburgh) and meat packing (Chicago) and automobile (Detroit) Immigration to America from other countries Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas for job opportunities Affix (glue) the top of your index cards here. Glue no further than the dotted line in order to create a flipped page. On the front of your index cards you are to draw a visual (picture) and on the paper under your index card you are to write 3 details describing the title already shown on the bottom of each side of this box. 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. Reasons why cities grew and developed Effects of Immigration on the United States 6
Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements. Efforts to solve immigration problems Settlement houses, such as Hull House founded by Jane Addams Political machines that gained power by attending to the needs of new immigrants (e.g., jobs, housing) The Hull House In 1889, Jane Addams opened the Hull House in Chicago Illinois. The Hull House was established to provide child care, economic development, family services, job training, literacy training, senior services, foster care, independent living, and housing assistance for immigrant children, families and community members in and around Chicago, Illinois. Political Machines In 1860, William March Tweed became the chairman of New York s Democratic Party and took on the nickname Boss Tweed Between 1865-1871 $75-$200 Million dollars were stolen from New York City s budget Tweed is often pointed to as an iconic figure of corruption and ruthlessness because of how he abused the system: a. Surrounded himself with crooks that would do whatever he asked because Boss Tweed would protect them from the law b. Controlled the police department and judges c. Would only hire his friends companies to do city jobs (and then would take a cute of the money he paid his friends for himself) Created Mobster reality for urban areas Used Immigrants to gain popularity Challenges faced by cities Tenements and ghettos Political corruption (political machines) In this box, create your own version of a political cartoon reflecting either a positive or negative effect of industrialization 7
USII.4b: Immigration and the Growth of Cities Quiz Brain Teaser What did the United States HEAR when the Immigrants came to the United States? H E A R Directions: Use the Standard USII.4b essential knowledge to help you answer the following questions. 1. List below the 4 reasons for increased immigration: 1. 2. 3. 4. 2. Why did cities grow and develop? List 3 reasons: 1. 2. 3 3. Rapid and led to immigrant and. 4. List two efforts to solve immigration problems: 1. 2. 5. Discrimination was evident against the and the. 6. Challenges faced by cities included and, and political by political. 8
Twentieth Century developments in factory and labor productivity, transportation, communication, and rural electrification How was social and economic life in the early twentieth century different from that in the late nineteenth century? Nineteenth Century = - (Years) Twentieth Century = - (Years) The word Century means Hundred. Therefore, the Century is always one unit more than the year. For example: 1 Century = 100 Years. CENTURY YEARS First Century = 0 99 Second Century = 100-199 Fourth Century = 300 399 Tenth Century = 900 999 Fifteenth Century = 1400 1499 Seventeenth Century = 1600 1699 What century are we currently in? Below, list innovations that affected American Society during the Nineteenth Century Turn of the Century Below, list innovations that affected American Society during the Twentieth Century What factors increased factory and labor productivity? 9
Big Business After the Civil War, the United States transitioned from being an Agricultural society to an Industrial society. After the Civil War (1861-1865), mechanization swept through the United States. Machines, such as Cyrus McCormick s Reaper, were instrumental in assisting farmers with the harvesting of their crops. Mechanization = Machines Perform Human Work With Machines performing human work, the production of goods increased as the need for human labor decreased. Products being made Number of human workers needed Machines Do not require a paycheck Never gets sick Does not take days off of work Does not require training Reliable VS Human Labor Require payment for work Can get sick Can get hurt on the job Requires training Not Reliable By the early twentieth century the United States was flooded with immigrants who were eager and willing to work. The rise of Industrialization helped counter the effects of mechanization by increasing the need for human labor specifically in urban factories. This industrialization provided new access to consumer goods (example = mail order). Industrialization = Mass production of products The Gilded Age was a time of great social change and economic growth in the United States. Roughly spanning the years between Reconstruction (1877) and the early twentieth century (1900s), the Gilded Age saw rapid industrialization, urbanization, the construction of great transcontinental railroads, innovations in science and technology, and the rise of Big Business. Big Business was spurred by an increase in transcontinental transportation which created national markets. Cattle slaughtered in Meat Packing facilities in could be shipped to Automobiles assembled in could be shipped to Textiles loomed in could be shipped to Steel produced in could be shipped to 10
Henry Ford and the Assembly Line Automobile The automobile's impact on American society is immeasurable. The automobile helped transform the US from a country of isolated communities into a single society following popular culture. Beginning in 1908, Henry Ford introduced the Model T, a vehicle mass-produced in great quantities thanks to Ford s innovation of an. The use of the Assembly Line allowed Ford Motor Company to produce and sell cars to the average wage-earning adult. Prior to the assembly line, owning a car was something that only the wealthy could afford because it took a lot of hours and workers to build each car resulting in exorbitantly high prices for each car. The Model T sold for less than $1,000. Not only could the average family afford one, but in an era where most people did not travel more than 50 miles beyond their community in their entire lives, the Model T equated long-distance travel with freedom. As autos clogged roadways suitable for horses but not motor vehicles, municipalities and state and federal governments launched roadpaving campaigns. The first cross-country highway opened in 1913, originating at Times Square in New York and ending in San Francisco. This highway, and others that followed, created a mobile society allowing people to move across the country with ease. Henry Ford also initiated the following innovations: Assembly Line (Rise in ) Model T $5.00 per day salary for workers. 40 hour work week for workers Results of improved transportation brought about by affordable automobiles Creation of Growth of - related industries (road construction, oil, steel, automobile) Movement to areas Greater Invention of the airplane In 1903, the Wright brothers successfully flew the first piloted flight in history. Wilber and Orville Wright made this momentous flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Thanks to Wilbur and Orville, world travel would again never be the same. 11
Communication Changes Increased Availability of Development of the and Development of the Ways electrification changed American life Labor-saving products Such as: Electric lighting Entertainment Such as: Improved communications How was social and economic life in the early twentieth century different from that in the late nineteenth century? What factors increased factory and labor productivity? 12
Captains of Industry John D. Rockefeller 1839 1937 Andrew Carnegie 1835 1919 Cornelius Vanderbilt 1794 1877 Henry Ford 1863 1947 Oil Steel Railroads and Shipping Assembly Line for Automobiles The Captains of Industry were men who led American Business during the Progressive Era. Each of these Captains of Industry revolutionized the way American businesses were run. These businesses became family dynasties that literally cornered the market in their respective fields creating monopolies. Many of these Captains of Industry became Philanthropists, contributing millions of dollars to charities. A good example of a modern portrayal of one of these Captains of Industry was the fictitious character of Daddy Warbucks from the movie Annie. Reasons for the rise and prosperity of big business Advertising Lower-cost production brought on by Mechanization Directions: Use the boxes below to draw a representation of each of the four businesses the above captains of industry controlled. Name & Business: Name & Business: Name & Business: Name & Business: 13
Inventions that contributed to great change and industrial growth Alexander Graham Bell Thomas Edison starkclassroom Telephone Light bulb, Phonograph, Motion Picture Cameras The developments of such inventions as the telephone and the Light bulb helped to improve the overall quality life for Americans. The Telephone allowed for communication to rural areas, while the light bulb had tangible effects on urban factories. The light bulb helped allow factories to remain open throughout the evenings. 1. After the Civil War, America transitioned from an society to an society. 2. Compare: Mechanization Vs Industrialization 3. markets were created by advances in 4. Describe what a Captain of Industry was? 5. Name the Four Captains of Industry that we have studied and the industries that they controlled? a. - b. - c. - d. - 6. and production aided the Captains of Industry to develop monopolies. 7. Identify the four factors that resulted in the growth of industry 8. What two inventions contributed to great change and industrial growth? 14