bub Hamburg A/533756 Understanding Third World Politics Theories of Political Change and Development Third Edition B. C. Smith INDIANA University Press Bloomington & Indianapolis
vn List of Tables and Figures Preface xi xii 1 The Idea of a 'Third World' 1 A definition 1 Political independence 1 National incomes 5 Industrialization 7 Integration into the world economy 8 Human development 10 The concept of a 'third' world 15 Meanings and objectives 16 Changing worlds 19 : Third World values 24 2 Modernization and Political Development 27 Social evolution 27 From tradition to modernity 28 The organic metaphor 29 Structure and function 29 The political system 31 Political change 37 The contribution of modernization theory 41 The problem of'tradition' 42 Secularization and religion 44 Dichotomous models 46 The concept of 'integration' 47 Unilinearity 49 Ethnocentricity 50 Change and causality 51 Biological analogies 52 Definitions 53 Changes of emphasis 54 55
viii 3 The Politics of Neo-Colonialism and Dependency Constitutional independence The politics of neo-colonialism The political power of external interests Comprador elites Aid dependency The independent state and political forces Dependency theory The elements of dependency theory Dependency and economic performance Dependency and class Levels of generality Hierarchy The political significance of independence Dependency and democratization 4 The State and Politics in the Third World Controversies The pluralist political system The post-colonial state The Bonapartist state: Pakistan The Bonapartist state: Tanzania An overdeveloped bureaucratic state The bureaucratic-authoritarian state State-society dialectics Globalization and the nation state 5 Political Parties and Party Systems Mass mobilization The role of political parties Party ideology Party systems Single party systems The demise of party government Party systems and democratization The survival of parties as organizations Factionalism and clientelism 6 Bureaucracy and Political Power The challenge of bureaucracy Concents of bureaucracv 56 56 57 59 60 62 65 68 70 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 82 82 83 87 91 92 94 96 98 101 105 108 108 109 111 114 115 120 121 124 127 129 130 130 132
IX The political power of bureaucracy Bureaucracy and access A ruling class Reducing bureaucracy 7 Military Intervention in Politics Explaining military intervention Forms of intervention The coup d'etat Social mobility and military intervention The military and the middle class Economic development and military intervention The political culture Organizational factors Foreign influence The military and democratization 8 Nationalism and the Politics of Secession Secession Responses to secession Nationalism Political integration Internal colonialism The balance of advantage Elites and class 9 Instability and Revolution Conceptual difficulties Affluence and poverty The rate of growth The revolution of rising expectations Foreign influences Ethnicity The political culture Inequality Class conflict A crisis of state authority 135 140 143 145 149 151 151 152 154 157 159 161 163 164 165 168 169 173 174 174 175 177 178 182 184 189 193 196 197 197 198 200 203 205 207 207 209 211 215 216
x Political institutionalization 217 Revolution in the Third World 219 222 10 Democratization in the Third World 224 : the 'third wave' and the Third World 224 Concepts of'democracy' 225 The transition to democracy 226 The variability of transition 230 The consolidation of democracy 233 The economic preconditions of democratic consolidation 234 Political mediation 237 The political culture 238 Civil society and democratization 240 The balance of power 242 Institutional development 244 Foreign influence 247 248 11 : Democracy and Development 250 Democracy and modernization 250 Democracy and development 250 The developmental democratic state 256 Democratic stability 259 External influences and democracy 260 Bibliography 263 Index 291