Difficult choice Republican ideals? Imperial power?
Anti-Imperialist League Founded in 1899. Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders. Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism. Cost? Benefit?
Cuban Independence? Platt Amendment (1903) Senator Orville Platt 1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. 2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station. 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.
Dilemma Does citizenship follow the flag?
Puerto Rico
1900 - Foraker Act. PR became an unincorporated territory. Citizens of PR, not of the US. Import duties on PR goods 1901-1903 the Insular Cases. Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions. Congress had the power to decide these rights. Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!
1917 Jones Act. Gave full territorial status to PR. Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US. PRs elected their own legislators & governor to enforce local laws. PRs could NOT vote in US presidential elections. A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House.
p. 279 Panama
1901 President McKinley was assassinated Theodore Roosevelt became president the youngest ever
"Let the watchwords of all our people be the old familiar watchwords of honesty, decency, fair-dealing, and commonsense."... "We must treat each man on his worth and merits as a man. We must see that each is given a square deal, because he is entitled to no more and should receive no less.""the welfare of each of us is dependent fundamentally upon the welfare of all of us." New York State Fair, Syracuse, September 7, 1903
"A man who is good enough to shed his blood for his country is good enough to be given a square deal afterwards. More than that no man is entitled, and less than that no man shall have." Speech to veterans, Springfield, IL, July 4, 1903 "We demand that big business give the people a square deal; in return we must insist that when anyone engaged in big business honestly endeavors to do right he shall himself be given a square deal." Letter to Sir Edward Gray, November 15, 1913
Speak softly, but carry a big stick
Panama 1901 Hay-Paunceforte Treaty gave US the right to build any proposed canal through Central America. French began 1881, abandoned 1889
Columbia controlled Panama Secretary of State Hay offered Columbia $10 million and yearly rent of $250,000 Columbia refused Philippe Bunau-Varilla, French agent arranged for a small army to stage an uprising. 10 US warships off the coast 1903 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty gave the US permission to build the canal, no Panamanians were present
The discovery of mosquitos as the carriers of yellow fever and malaria allowed for disease prevention, and work moved quickly under improved conditions, although it would claim another 5000 lives before completion. Nearly 20,000 French and 6,000 American workers died during the completion of the Panama Canal project.
The toll charges of the passing ships through the Panama Canal is decided by the size of the ship and the cargo it's carrying. Till date, highest toll charges have been paid by a Disney cruise ship that paid $330,000 in 2008. The lowest charge was paid by adventurer Richard Halliburton in 1928, who was asked to pay 36 cents for swimming across the length of the Panama Canal
Along the route of the canal there is a series of 3 sets of locks, the Gatun, Pedro Miguel and the Miraflores locks
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Chronic wrongdoing may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power. Monroe Doctrine
Justifies US intervention in any situation in the Western Hemisphere Prevent European powers from interventions
p. 276 China
Oriental [Chinese] Exclusion Act, 1887 Stereotypes
The Open Door Policy & notes Secretary John Hay. Give all nations equal access to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.
The Boxer Rebellion 1898-1901 The Peaceful Harmonious Fists. 55 Days at Peking ended by 8-nation alliance Killed thousands of foreigners
Destroy the foreign devils and get rid of their Chinese Christian converts. Supported by some Chinese military. Killed 19,000+ Mostly Chinese Christians
Open Door Policy
America as a Pacific power
America s New Role in the world
Responsibilities
Policing?
Treaty of Portsmouth - 1905 Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy
The Great White Fleet - 1907
Taft s Dollar Diplomacy Improve financial opportunities for American businesses. Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America s commercial interests.
p. 282 Mexico
Porfirio Diaz dictatorship Most industrialized business in Mexico was owned by foreign investors Mexican peasants remained poor and landless Francisco Madero reformer, leader of revolution, 1911 promoted: Democracy Constitutional government Land reform He was an unskilled administrator
The Mexican Revolution Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered. Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta. The U.S. also got involved by sending warships to Veracruz. Huerta fled the country. Anti-American rioting. Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.
Wilson Moral Diplomacy The U. S. should be the conscience of the world. Spread democracy. Promote peace. Condemn colonialism.
Mexican forces opposed to Carranza were not appeased. Began sending raids into the US. Burning, pillaging, murders Hoped to convince Wilson to help overthrow Carranza Pancho Villa - guerillas
General John J. Pershing with Pancho Villa in 1914.
Wilson sent 6,000 troops into Mexico in an attempt to catch Pancho Villa and his followers. General John J. Pershing Wilson s intervention policy damaged US foreign relations. Naval rights with Nicaragua 1914 Marines into Haiti 1915 Troops into Dominican Republic Problems in Europe caused Wilson to recall Pershing
US Interventions in Latin America 1898-1920s
One of the Boys at the table?