Theodore Roosevelt -rose steadily through gov t ranks -Spanish American War -Gov. of NY reform governor -Vice President of William McKinley -Became President with McKinley s assassination
Square Deal - hit the line hard -Presidency as the bully pulpit he serves as the protector of the people This was his program to fix the oppression of common man by Robber Barons - politics is the art of the possible - speak softly and carry a big stick
Gov t Involvement -1902 coal strike mine owners refused to bargain -strike threaten fuel needs of the nation -Roosevelt had both groups to meet and go to arbitration -set an example (Precedent) of Presidents mediating strikes
The Jungle -written by Upton Sinclair it was muckraking novel -meant to expose the conditions of immigrants -impact of novel was the description of meatpacking industry -passed Meat Inspection Act, 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act is passed because of the Book
Conservation -industry was consuming large portions of natural resources -pollution was destroying waterways TR starts the conservation movement by creating the National Park System -set aside large portions of forestlands -Gifford Pinchot -development of land for the common good
Civil Rights -Progressive era (a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to the 1920s. The main objectives of the Progressive movement were eliminating problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and corruption in government.) as a whole ignored the needs of minorities -Booker T. Washington-was an American educator, author, orator, and advisor to presidents of the United States. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was the dominant leader in the African-American community. -W.E.B. DuBois- he was the first African American to earn a doctorate, he became a professor of history, sociology and economics at Atlanta University. Du Bois was one of the co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. - NAACP- The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed as a bi-racial organization to advance justice for African Americans. Its mission in the 21st century is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination."
Booker T. Washington -Founded Tuskegee Institute -gradual improvement and learning to live in a segregated society was the goal -economic equality first thru vocational training or skills -Atlanta Compromise -Washington proposed that blacks and white could cooperate on certain economic issues while being separate in social issues
W.E.B. DuBois -Harvard educated -demanded immediate end to white segregation -Niagara Falls Convention -helped found the NAACP to promote racial and economic equality
Race Relations -racial etiquette -lynching was against the law but not enforced in the South -discrimination in the Northern cities also -Mexican seasonal workers -continued resentment of the Chinese
Voting Discrimination -end of Reconstruction Ways Black Americans were kept from voting, blocking the progress of freed men -literacy tests -poll taxes -grandfather clause
Segregation -black codes Jim Crow laws = segregation -Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 with the separate but equal doctrine, the Supreme Court reinforced segregation
Farmer s Problems -weather problems -falling prices -increasing debt -dependent upon corrupt railroads ~construction graft(bribes) ~bribes ~unfair pricing -need for cheaper money deflation and inflation Farmers = The Grange The Grange = Populists Populists = Progressives
The Grange -also called the Patrons of Husbandry -began as farmers banding together and evolved into political group -called for regulation of railroads
The Grange - Granger Laws - midwestern state laws that regulated railroad abuses -ICC- Interstate Commerce Act -Federal law supported by farmers that regulates commerce and ends abuses by the RR s
Populism -took the place of the Grange -strong mid-west support -reform based party -Omaha Platform, 1892 Regulation of RR s Direct Election of Senators Bimetallism increase $ supply, income tax, secret ballots, 8 hour workday, immigration control
Free Silver Crusade -Panic of 1893 -nation enters a recession -Bimetallism - many people promote silver and gold standard for currency -would create larger money supply - greenbacks issued based on silver and gold bullion reserves -Gold standard only would limit money supply as gold reserves were limited
End of the Populists -1896 election -William McKinley-Rep. Gold Standard -William Jennings Bryan-Dem/Pop Free Silver Cross of Gold Speech -McKinley wins election -Populism dies
Progressive Reforms Women vote=suffragists Susan B. Anthony still the leader of the women s movement Temperance ban on alcohol -more states granting suffrage -often treated unequally in the economic world
Socialist Fears -Eugene V. Debs Labor Union leader, also started the American Socialist Party -I.W.W. called Wobblies
Progressives Emerge -Mostly middle class reformers -wanted progress in society -Social Gospel -thought that people need to help those less fortunate -religious groups -Salvation Army -opposite of Social Darwinism
Muckrakers -progressive era journalists who exposed graft(bribes) and corruption in society Ida Tarbell - wrote about dangerous business practices in the oil industry -Lincoln Steffins Government reform -Upton Sinclair
Gov t Reforms -commission government -manager government -better control over public interests utilities should publicly owned Progressives try to fix terrible working conditions of the poor through books and magazines like McClure s
Voting Reforms -Direct primaries candidates for each party selected by the people -initiatives -referendums -recall 17 th Amendment - direct election of Senators -Robert La Follette Reform leader, Gov. of WS
Consumer Reforms -insurance regulations -zoning laws -building codes -FDA Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle exposing corruption in the meat industry Meat Inspection Act gets passed because of the book
Labor Reforms -Women s Working Conditions Oregon v. Muller limited women s working hours Change in Supreme Court Rulings -Limits on child labor Progressives were the most influential in getting improved working conditions
Other Reforms income tax established regulation of trusts prohibition begins
PROGRESSIVE P O L I T I C Page 10 S
Taft Elected -Roosevelt serves two terms -William Howard Taft designated to replace him -Taft never wanted or liked being President -reluctant to use Presidency as bully pulpit
Activities -Roosevelt earned name as trustbuster Taft helps Federal government win many antitrusts lawsuits -twice as many trusts as TR -tried to lowers tariffs -angered the conservation movement by opening up gov t lands -Fires Pinchot
Taft s Struggles -progressive and conservative parts of party begin to fight -Speaker Joe Cannon old style conservative goals clashed with progressives -Republicans argue over party goals and leaders -TR decides to try for third term -Taft beats Roosevelt for 1912 Republican party nomination
Bull Moose Party -Roosevelt forms his Bull Moose Party out of the old Progressive Party to run for 3 rd term -New Nationalism federal powers should be expanded to protect the public -supported many Progressive reforms
New Freedom -Democrats nominated reform governor Woodrow Wilson -New Freedom ~Wilson Fights the 4 Privileges ~wealth ~trusts (against) ~banking reform ~tariffs (wanted low) ~favored small business interests over monopolies that have too much control and were seen as evil
Election of 1912 -voters had choice between conservatism, New Nationalism, New Freedom, or Socialism -Socialist Debs got nearly 1 million votes -Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican votes allowing W. Wilson to win the election -Wilson wins the election with only 42%
Tariff and Taxes -Income tax created in the 16 th Amendment and soon became main revenue source -gov t needs to be able to control money supply -set up system of 12 national banks -Federal reserve is an essential part of our economy today
Progressive Results -laissez-faire policy fades -social reforms help many Susan B. Anthony is biggest reason women have the right to vote, 19 th Amendment women s support in WW I eventually guaranteed success -African Americans still ignored -World War I seems to end reforms