ACCESS TO JUSTICE, 502 alternative dispute resolution, 506 definition of, 505 ADVOCACY civility in, 11 administration of justice, relationship to, 13 as officer of the court, 15 effective advocacy, role in, 16 relationship to administration of justice, 13 role in effective advocacy, 16 litigation tool, storytelling as, 3 oral, 18 context-first advocacy, 19 language, use of in, 23 less is more, 21 reliable narrator, 2 storytelling litigation tool, as, 3 reliability of, 7 written, 18 context-first advocacy, 19 language, use of in, 23 less is more, 21 ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION settlement through, 506 CIVILITY administration of justice, relationship to, 13 as officer of the court, 15 effective advocacy, role in, 16 Felderhof trial, 250 Groia LSUC proceedings against, 250 appeal of, 253 dissent, 254 majority reasons, 253 proceedings, summary of, 248 independent regulation of lawyers in Canada, 255 lawyer conduct, nexus between regulation of and the rule of law, 259 lawyers, independent regulation of in Canada, 255 Index making the case for regulating professional standards of, 264 relationship to administration of justice, 13 role in effective advocacy, 16 CLASS ACTIONS, COMPELLING AMER- ICAN DISCOVERY FOR USE IN American discovery evidence, compelling, 279 future of, 296 discovery framework for addressing, 297 party from whom sought, 303 request for, 302 manner of doing so, 305 history, 280 mechanics, 281 discretionary factors, 283 statutory requirements, 281 Canadian courts reaction compelling American discovery, 286 Catucci, 291 Caution, need for, 288 discovery evidence, tools for compelling in Canadian civil litigation nuances of, 278 Norwich orders, 274 rules of court, 275 Mancinelli, 293 Ontario, 293 plaintiffs, evidence gathering by, 271 post-intel jurisprudence, 284 public documents, 271 Que bec, 291 Vitapharm, 288 voluntarily given evidence, 271 COMMISSIONS, POWER TO COMPEL TESTIMONY American landscape, 105 Canadian landscape, 76 principle against self-incrimination, 77 Charter immunity, 77 Constitutional immunity from testifying, 78 derivative use immunity, 78
Annual Review of Civil Litigation / 578 in the United States, 105 self-incriminating evidence, preventing improper use of, 112 mechanisms available, 112 testimonial compulsion, 85 Alberta, 89 British Columbia, 86 Ontario, 95 practical tips for, 118 Québec, 100 United States, 108 testimony under compulsion, practical tips for, 118 CONTRACT LAW correctness, 398 entire agreement clauses as a means to change standard of review, 397 interpretation of contracts, Sattva and, 380 interpretive principles, redefining, 380 Ledcor analysis, 387 inconsistency and, 393 interpretation of standard form agreements and, 387 standard of review of standard form contracts and, 396 surrounding circumstances for standard form contracts, 389 non-standard contracts, 398 Sattva interpretation of contracts and, 380 reconciling with standard form contracts, 383 standard of review entire agreement clauses as a means of changing, 397 shifting, 382 surrounding circumstances, 398 CORPORATE ACTS, PERSONAL LIABILI- TY FOR ADGA framework, 189 application of, 192 cases claims against supervisory personnel in investor loss cases, 197 liability found, 196 no liability found, 193 claims analysis of, 200 types of, 198 concurrent liability, trend toward, 184 current legal framework, 189 duty of care, 187 evolution of the law, 179 fundamental principles, 180 key principles capacity, 206 identity, 205 nexus, 207 policy concerns, 182, 207 proximity, 187 restrictive approach, 182 Scotia McLeod framework, 189 application of, 192 cases claims against supervisory personnel in investor loss cases, 197 liability found, 196 no liability found, 193 significant factors, 202 supreme court, statements from on tort liability, 185 tort liability, supreme courts statements on, 185 trend toward concurrent liability, 184 CYBERLAW but for formulation, updating, 69 principles, 49 Causality, court s sensitivity to, 67 causation, 43 cyber-torts, 30 accidents by remote control, 35 economic, 38 security breach, 31 ex-post forensic perspective, overcoming legal fixation with, 56 medical negligence, analogy to, 53 taxonomy of non-physical objects in cyberspace, 46 torts, physicality of a function of 20 th century technology, 43 EXCLUSION CLAUSES Australia, 239 BC Checo, 218 Clause enforced, 222 comparative review Australia, 239 United Kingdom, 242 United States, 240
579 / Index concurrent liability, 212 effect on misrepresentation, 216 enforcement declined, 220 entire agreement clause application of Tercon analysis to, 231 retrospectivity of, 227 evolving interpretation, 228 ineffective where independent tort, 215 misrepresentation effect on provisions of exclusionary clause, 224 reasonable reliance on, 226 principles, 243 Tercon analysis, 228 application of to entire agreement clause, 231 United Kingdom, 242 United States, 240 INSURANCE allocation all sums theory of, 166 Canadian experience with, 167 pro rata theory of, 165 archeology, 147 policies discovered through, 148 accident based, 149 crisis of the 1980s, 152 evolution of, 150 origination during policy period 151 common law duty to defend, 155 concurrent primary coverage, 157 coverage dispute, jurisdiction over, 153 coverage, proof of under triggered policy, 153 Deguise c Montminy, 175 duty to defend common law, 155 excess insurer, 157 Québec, 154 excess insurer, duty to defend, 157 long term progressive damage, allocation issues in, 165 Lombard, 173 outlier, 173 occurrence, proof of during policy period, 158 old policies, proving existence of, 148 policy limits, exhaustion of before tender, 156 policy period, proof of occurrence during, 158 pro rata theory of allocation, 165 pro rata by limits, 166 pro rata by time on risk, 165 return to, 175 Que bec, duty to defend, 154 LIABILITY, WAIVER OF IN RECREA- TION CASES challenges to, 418 consideration, 418 non est factum, 419 unconscionability, 419 limited application of Loychuk, 423 co-participants, liability of, 425 enforceability current legal test for, 417 application of, 417 uncertainty in respect of, 406 fundamental breach of contract, 424 government compensation regimes, waivers unenforceable, 449 government mandated duties and standards 451 law reform commissions British Columbia, 444 Canada, 443 Manitoba, 444 legal significance, understanding of, 434 liability of co-participants, 425 litigation procedure for enforcement of, 453 jury or judge, 454 summary of judgment, 453 minors, 439 assumption of risk for, 442 education waivers, 443 indemnifying agreements for, 442 participant drawing attention to, 430 signing waiver, 436 marketing, 436 target consumers, 437 plaintiff categories of, 437 individual circumstances of, 435 intoxicated, 439 policy arguments against, 448 in favour, 446 privity of contract, 425
Annual Review of Civil Litigation / 580 public perception of, 408 reading waiver, proof of, 434 recreation operators, standard of care of, 415 recreational liability, defences to that overlap with waivers, 412 inherent risk, 414 extreme sports, 414 voluntary assumption of risk, 413 scope, 428 refining, 430 spectators, 438 standard of care and recreation operators, 415 uncertainty regarding enforceability, 406 waiver law, Canadian, 416 history of, 416 MEDICAL MALPRACTICE British Columbia, workers compensation, 328 causation, 322 Benhaim v St. Germain, 324 Court of Appeal, 325 Supreme Court, 325 trial, 324 Clements v Clements, 322 jury and, 330 informed consent, 317 disclosure of material information, 318 reasonable patient: subjective and objective test, 319 locality rule, 310 material contribution to risk, 329 medical care, worst first approach, 312 res ipsa loquitor, 314 risk, material contribution to, 329 standard of care, 309 worst first approach to medical care, 312 OFFER TO SETTLE certainty of terms, 569 cost consequences, requirements for attracting, 556 cost considerations if accepted before trial, 562 of failure to accept before judgment, 562 burden of proof of favourability of offer, 563 determining whether offer more or less favourable, 563 examples, 570 formal offer, characteristics of, 556 general principles, 555 terms, certainty of, 569 timing for accepting, 561 for making, 558 for withdrawing, 559 OPINION EVIDENCE analysis, 531 expert, rules and restrictions on, 519 lay opinion recent case law, 526 Dow Chemical Canada ULC v Nova Chemicals Corp., 526 Kon Construction Ltd. v Terranova Developments Ltd., 528 rules and restrictions on, 522 PARENTAL AGREEMENT Alberta, 127 British Columbia, 125 cases, 136 commingled roles, dealing with, 142 guardian defined, 123 intangible valuation model, 143 issues, 141 lack of attention, confronting, 141 Manitoba, 129 New Brunswick, 132 Newfoundland and Labrador, 134 Northwest Territories, 135 Nunavut, 135 Nova Scotia, 132 Ontario, 125 policy importance to Canada, 121 power of attorney defined, 123 Prince Edward Island, 133 Que bec, 131 Saskatchewan, 127 solutions, 141 Yukon, 135 PERSONAL LIABILITY FOR CORPORATE ACTS ADGA framework, 189 application of, 192 cases claims against supervisory personnel in investor loss cases, 197 liability found, 196 no liability found, 193
581 / Index claims analysis of, 200 types of, 198 concurrent liability, trend toward, 184 current legal framework, 189 duty of care, 187 evolution of the law, 179 fundamental principles, 180 key principles capacity, 206 identity, 205 nexus, 207 policy concerns, 182, 207 proximity, 187 restrictive approach, 182 Scotia McLeod framework, 189 application of, 192 cases claims against supervisory personnel in investor loss cases, 197 liability found, 196 no liability found, 193 significant factors, 202 supreme court, statements from on tort liability, 185 tort liability, supreme courts statements on, 185 trend toward concurrent liability, 184 PIERRINGER AGREEMENT access to settling defendant s evidence and experts, 339 benefits, 342 breakthrough in Canada, 337 double recovery, risks of deducting settlements from damage awards, 344 possible solutions, 348 post-laudon, 345 rule against, 343 history, 337 immediate disclosure, 338 non-settling defendants, joint and several liability against joint and several liability, 350 in Pierringer agreements, 351 mixed claims, contract and tort, 353 risks, 343 settlement amount, disclosure of, 340 settling defendant, access to evidence and experts of, 339 PLEADINGS, POST-LIMITATION AMENDMENTS TO clarity, consistency and certainty, achieving, 473 common law approach, historical, 457 cross-jurisdictional survey, 459 no exception jurisdictions, 469 Manitoba, 472 Northwest Territories, 473 Nunavut, 473 Ontario, 469 Prince Edward Island, 472 Yukon, 473 permissive exception jurisdictions, 460 Alberta, 460 British Columbia, 468 New Brunswick, 464 Newfoundland and Labrador, 466 Nova Scotia, 465 Saskatchewan, 463 POWER OF COMMISSIONS TO COMPEL TESTIMONY American landscape, 105 Canadian landscape, 76 principle against self-incrimination, 77 Charter immunity, 77 Constitutional immunity from testifying, 78 derivative use immunity, 78 in the United States, 105 self-incriminating evidence, preventing improper use of, 112 mechanisms available, 112 testimonial compulsion, 85 Alberta, 89 British Columbia, 86 Ontario, 95 Que bec, 100 United States, 108 testimony under compulsion, practical tips for, 118 SETTLEMENT PRIVILEGE access to justice, 502 alternative dispute resolution, 506 definition of, 505 alternative dispute resolution, settlement through, 510 class privilege, 509 definition of, 478 exceptions to, 489
Annual Review of Civil Litigation / 582 fraud, 490 limitation issues, 494 limited, 509 litigation landscape, material change to, 493 miscellaneous, 500 misrepresentation, 490 overcompensation, 496 proving existence of, 491 threats and criminal communications, 498 undue influence, 490 purpose of, 478 recent jurisprudence, 486 Sable Offshore Energy Inc. v Ameron International Corp., 480 clarification provided by, 486 Nova Scotia Court of Appeal, 481 Nova Scotia Supreme Court, 481 Supreme Court of Canada, 483 test for, 479 Union Carbide Canada Inc. v Bombardier Inc. clarification provided by, 486 Cour d appel du Québec, 484 Court Supérieure du Québec, 484 Supreme Court of Canada, 485 waivers, taking care with, 509 without prejudice, 508 PROBATE admissible evidence and, 549 benefits of in litigation context, 540 common form, 546 notice and, 548 overview, 540 solemn form, 546 RECREATION CASES, WAIVER OF LIA- BILITY IN challenges to, 418 consideration, 418 non est factum, 419 unconscionability, 419 limited application of Loychuk, 423 co-participants, liability of, 425 enforceability current legal test for, 417 application of, 417 uncertainty in respect of, 406 fundamental breach of contract, 424 government compensation regimes, waivers unenforceable, 449 government mandated duties and standards 451 law reform commissions British Columbia, 444 Canada, 443 Manitoba, 444 legal significance, understanding of, 434 liability of co-participants, 425 litigation procedure for enforcement of, 453 jury or judge, 454 summary of judgment, 453 minors, 439 assumption of risk for, 442 education waivers, 443 indemnifying agreements for, 442 participant drawing attention to, 430 signing waiver, 436 marketing, 436 target consumers, 437 plaintiff categories of, 437 individual circumstances of, 435 intoxicated, 439 policy arguments against, 448 in favour, 446 privity of contract, 425 public perception of, 408 reading waiver, proof of, 434 recreation operators, standard of care of, 415 recreational liability, defences to that overlap with waivers, 412 inherent risk, 414 extreme sports, 414 voluntary assumption of risk, 413 scope, 428 refining, 430 spectators, 438 standard of care and recreation operators, 415 uncertainty regarding enforceability, 406 waiver law, Canadian, 416 history of, 416 SECURITY FOR COSTS evidence, in Ontario on motion, 363
583 / Index shifting standard of, 362 to demonstrate chance of success, 365 to demonstrate impecuniosity, 364 good chance of success analytical framework to assess, 374 ceiling, 370 court s analysis of, clarification of, 372 definition, 367 floor, 369 Ontario evidence on motion, 363 shifting standard of, 362 to demonstrate chance of success, 365 to demonstrate impecuniosity, 364 rule, 356 discretionary order, 359 merits of case, 357 onus, 361 threshold, 361 SETTLEMENT OFFERS certainty of terms, 569 cost consequences, requirements for attracting, 556 cost considerations if accepted before trial, 562 of failure to accept before judgment, 562 burden of proof of favourability of offer, 563 determining whether offer more or less favourable, 563 examples, 570 formal offer, characteristics of, 556 general principles, 555 terms, certainty of, 569 timing for accepting, 561 for making, 558 for withdrawing, 559 SETTLEMENT PRIVILEGE access to justice, 502 alternative dispute resolution, 506 definition of, 505 alternative dispute resolution, settlement through, 510 class privilege, 509 definition of, 478 exceptions to, 489 fraud, 490 limitation issues, 494 limited, 509 litigation landscape, material change to, 493 miscellaneous, 500 misrepresentation, 490 overcompensation, 496 proving existence of, 491 threats and criminal communications, 498 undue influence, 490 purpose of, 478 recent jurisprudence, 486 Sable Offshore Energy Inc. v Ameron International Corp., 480 clarification provided by, 486 Nova Scotia Court of Appeal, 481 Nova Scotia Supreme Court, 481 Supreme Court of Canada, 483 test for, 479 Union Carbide Canada Inc. v Bombardier Inc. clarification provided by, 486 Cour d appel du Québec, 484 Court Supérieure du Québec, 484 Supreme Court of Canada, 485 waivers, taking care with, 509 without prejudice, 508 WAIVER OF LIABILITY IN RECREATION CASES challenges to, 418 consideration, 418 non est factum, 419 unconscionability, 419 limited application of Loychuk, 423 co-participants, liability of, 425 enforceability current legal test for, 417 application of, 417 uncertainty in respect of, 406 fundamental breach of contract, 424 government compensation regimes, waivers unenforceable, 449 government mandated duties and standards 451 law reform commissions British Columbia, 444
Canada, 443 Manitoba, 444 legal significance, understanding of, 434 liability of co-participants, 425 litigation procedure for enforcement of, 453 jury or judge, 454 summary of judgment, 453 minors, 439 assumption of risk for, 442 education waivers, 443 indemnifying agreements for, 442 participant drawing attention to, 430 signing waiver, 436 marketing, 436 target consumers, 437 plaintiff categories of, 437 individual circumstances of, 435 intoxicated, 439 policy arguments against, 448 in favour, 446 privity of contract, 425 public perception of, 408 reading waiver, proof of, 434 recreation operators, standard of care of, 415 recreational liability, defences to that overlap with waivers, 412 inherent risk, 414 extreme sports, 414 voluntary assumption of risk, 413 scope, 428 refining, 430 spectators, 438 standard of care and recreation operators, 415 uncertainty regarding enforceability, 406 waiver law, Canadian, 416 history of, 416 Annual Review of Civil Litigation / 584