Name: Date: Period: VUS 8 a&b: Westward Expansion and Industrialization Filled In Notes VUS 8a&b: Westward Expansion and Industrialization 1
Objectives about Westward Expansion and Industrialization VUS8 The student will demonstrate knowledge of how the nation grew and changed from the end of Reconstruction through the early twentieth century by a) explaining the relationship among territorial expansion, westward movement of the population, new immigration, growth of cities, the role of the railroads, and the admission of new states to the United States; b) describing the transformation of the American economy from a primarily agrarian to a modern industrial economy and identifying major inventions that improved life in the United States; Cultures Clash on the Prairie Main Idea: The cattle industry boomed in the late 1800s, as the culture of the Plains Indians declined Why it Matters Now: Today, ranchers and Plains Indians work to preserve their cultural traditions I Settlers Push Westward A Background 1 Following the Civil War, the westward movement of settlers increased in the region between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean 2 Great Plains def the grassy lands that extend through the western-central portion of the US SIG multiple conflicts with native Americans resulted; Sand Creek Massacre, Custer s Last Stand, Wounded Knee a Native American groups were placed on reservations throughout the Great Plains B Cattle becomes Big Business 1 Following the Civil War, railroads reached the Great Plains at the same time that the demand for beef increased in eastern cities 2 Cowboys def herder of cattle on the Great Plain who could round up, rope, brand, and care for cattle during long cattle drives in the American West 3 Cattle Drive transporting of cattle over unfenced grazing lands between Texas ranches and railroad centers on the Great Plains II Railroads Connect America A Central Pacific Railroad Notes VUS 8a&b: Westward Expansion and Industrialization 2
1 January 8, 1863 Sacramento, CA Began construction on the Central Pacific Railroad 2 Central Pacific (name of the company) hired emigrant laborers (many of whom were Chinese) 3 Construction was slowed by the mountains and by winter snowstorms B Union Pacific Railroad 1 In the East in Omaha, NE the Union Pacific Railroad was being built 2 Construction proceeded very quickly because of the open terrain of the Great Plains 3 That changed as the work entered Native American lands C Transcontinental Railroad 1 The CPR and UPR met at Promontory, Utah on May 10, 1869 Settling on the Great Plains Main Idea: Settlers on the Great Plains transformed the land despite great hardships Why it Matters Now: The Great Plains region remains the breadbasket of the United States I Settlers Move Westward to Farm A Railroads A Following the Civil War, railroads became very important in opening western lands to settlers and transporting crops to eastern markets B The Transcontinental Railroad linked eastern and western markets and led to increased settlement of western lands from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean B Government Support for Settlement A Homestead Act (162) offered 160 acres of land in the West (for free) to any citizen who would settle and farm the land for 5 years a 600,000 families took advantage of this government offer b Many homesteaders were southerners both black and white c Exodusters African-Americans who moved from the post-reconstruction South to Kansas B Oklahoma land Rush (1889) land-hungry settlers raced to claim lands in a massive land rush, some people got there too early before the government was ready to hand out the land = too soon, or Sooners II Support of Farmers A New Technology 1 Steel Plow invented by John Deere, helped farmers slice through heavy soil 2 The mechanical reaper invented by Cyrus McCormick, increased the speed of harvesting wheat Notes VUS 8a&b: Westward Expansion and Industrialization 3
3 Barbed Wire prevented animals from trampling crops or wandering off from farms SIG made farming more efficient and prosperous B Agricultural Education 1 Morrill Act (1863) federal government gave land to states to build agricultural schools (EX VA Tech, Rutgers University) SIG Innovations and education led to more productive harvests 2 Overall as a result, by 1900, the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountain region of the American West was no longer a mostly unsettled frontier, but instead it became a region of farms, ranches, and towns The Expansion of Industry Main Idea: At the end of hte19th century, natural resources, creative ideas, and growing markets fueled an industrial boom Why it Matters Now: Technological developments of the late 19 th Century paved the way for the continued growth of American Industry I Inventions Promote Change A Bessemer Steel Process (Henry Bessemer) def new manufacturing process to make steel SIG new steel products used for building railroads and skyscrapers B Light Bulb and Electricity (Thomas Edison) new development to serve as a source for light and power for businesses and homes SIG made work less dependent on natural sunlight C Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell) revolutionized communications in business SIG saved time and created new clerical jobs for women in business D Airplane (Wright Brothers) allowed for movement of goods and eventually people by air travel 1 First flight at Kitty Hawk, NC on Dec 17, 1903 E Assembly-Line Manufacturing (Henry Ford) broke industrial jobs into smaller parts and improved efficiency in production of cars SIG allowed for increased efficiency in production for many industrial products II Leaders of Industry (aka Robber Barons ) A Andrew Carnegie Steel Industry 1 Scottish immigrant who rose from rags to riches 2 Carnegie Steel Company made more steel than any other company in the US Notes VUS 8a&b: Westward Expansion and Industrialization 4
3 Developed a monopoly def complete control over an industry s production, wages, and prices when all competitors are brought out B J P Morgan Banking and Finance 1 Bought out Carnegie Steel in 1903 to create US Steel Corporation which was the world s largest business at the time C John D Rockefeller Oil Industry 1 Standard Oil Company controlled 90% of all US oil production 2 Controlled other companies by forming a Trust Def several corporations agree to be run by7 one executive board D Cornelius Vanderbilt 1 Dominated control of much of the nation s railroad lines in the Northeast and Midwest III Reactions Against Industrialists A Robber Barons 1 Industrialist were called robber barons by critics 2 Critics said they were making money in a corrupt manner B Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with or restrained free trade SIG limited impact at first corporations were able to win court cases and continue consolidation tactics C Unsafe working conditions and low pay caused workers/laborers to form Labor Unions devoted to improving the lives of workers IV Labor Unions Emerge A Knights of Labor 1 Open to all workers regardless of skill level, race, or gender 2 Supported an 8 hour workday B American Federation of Labor (AFL) founded by Samuel Gompers 1 Open to skilled workers only 2 Favored collective bargaining def negotiation between management and representatives of labor to reach an agreement on wages, hours, and working conditions 3 Used strikes when necessary C American Railway Union (ARU) founded by Eugene V Debs Notes VUS 8a&b: Westward Expansion and Industrialization 5
1 Open to all workers within a specific industry (railroads) regardless of skill level 2 Used strives when necessary involved in the Pullman Strike D International Ladies Garment Workers Union founded by Pauline Newman 1 Labor union devoted to female workers in the textile industry 2 Used strikes when necessary 3 Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire New York City in 1911 a 146 workers (mostly women) died as a result V Strikes Turn Violent A Haymarket Square Chicago 1886 1 Bomb exploded in a crowd of policemen, police fired into the strikers B Homestead Strike near Pittsburgh 1892 1 Carnegie Steel plant went on strike when wages were cut 2 Violence broke out Pennsylvania National Guard called in to break up the strike C Pullman Strike Chicago 1894 1 Pullman employees went on strike after wages were cut 2 Violence broke out US Army troops sent in by President Cleveland to break up the strike SIG violence in strikes cause the public to turn against labor unions Notes VUS 8a&b: Westward Expansion and Industrialization 6
Glossary VUS 8a&b Directions: Fill in the definition for the term listed Then, in the box on the right, you have to draw a picture OR write the definition in your own words OR write a sentence using the word that demonstrates its meeting Great Plains Cattle Drive Transcontinental Railroad Homestead Act Sooners Morrill Act Henry Bessemer Notes VUS 8a&b: Westward Expansion and Industrialization 7
Glossary VUS 8a&b Directions: Fill in the definition for the term listed Then, in the box on the right, you have to draw a picture OR write the definition in your own words OR write a sentence using the word that demonstrates its meeting Thomas Edison Alexander Graham Bell Wright Brothers Henry Ford Andrew Carnegie JP Morgan John D Rockefeller Notes VUS 8a&b: Westward Expansion and Industrialization 8
Glossary VUS 8a&b Directions: Fill in the definition for the term listed Then, in the box on the right, you have to draw a picture OR write the definition in your own words OR write a sentence using the word that demonstrates its meeting Cornelius Vanderbilt Sherman Anti-Trust Act Knights of Labor American Federation of Labor International Ladies Garment Workers Union Haymarket Square Riot Pullman Strike Notes VUS 8a&b: Westward Expansion and Industrialization 9
Summary DIRECTIONS: Choose only one of the following: a) write a summary (25-75 words) of what you believe was the most important aspect of the notes/lecture b) write what you believe to be the most interesting or memorable part of the notes/lecture (25-75 words) c) draw something that symbolizes the notes/lecture to you (has to be different than your title page) Notes VUS 8a&b: Westward Expansion and Industrialization 10