INDEX abet, seesecondary participation accident at work 377-8 act of a stranger, defence of 242,244 Act of God, defence of 242,244 Act of Parliament creation of 31-4 interpretation of 45-50 actual bodily harm 182 actus reus 157 207, causation 158, 159, 172-4 conduct crimes 158 contemperaneity 161 result crimes 158 adoption 412,413,414,415 adultery 399 advice agencies 68-70 ancillary relief on marriage breakdown 404-9 appeal, right of 75-6,97,118, 121, 130-1 case stated leapfrog appeal appropriation, see theft arbitration 138 arrest, seepolice powers 118,120 97 arrestable offences 105, 157 arson, seecriminal damage assault 14, 180-2,236 assessors (county court) attempt to commit a crime 192-3 Attorney General 130 automatic directions automatism, defence of 165-6 85 168, 67, 113, 114, 87-8 158, bail magistrates 115 police 109, 110 bankruptcy 99 barristers 52-64 battery 14, 180-2, 23&-7 Benson Commission (Royal Commission on Legal Services) 55,56,58,59,69 bigamy 394, 403 Bill Parliamentary 31-2 private member's 32 burglary 168,188-9 aggravated 189 definition 188 capacity, legal 207-9,281, 284-7 to marry 393-4 care order, seechildren, rights of case law 30 caveat emptor, doctrine of 309 CD-ROM data base 5 Chancery, Court of 16,91 children, rights of 412-18 care and supervision orders 41&-17 emergency protection 417-18 guardianship 415,416 local authority responsibility for 412,413,41&-18 parental responsibility 412, 413-15 section eight orders 414-15, 418 wardship 413,415-16 welfare 413 Child Support Agency 404, 408,409,410-11 child trespass 227-8 Citizens Advice Bureau, role of 68,69-70,90 civil court actions 14-5, 77, 78-9,83-103 CivilJustice Review 63 civil law functions 14 system 15-16 clerk to the justices 11&-17 Cleveland Report 412 codification 16 coercion, defence of 166,167 cohabitation 389, 391 common law 15-16 compensation awards 99-100,301-2 courts 16 forms of action 16 compensation, seedamages conciliation (marriage breakdown) 389-90 consent, defence of, seealso volenti nonfit injuria 2&-7, 169-70,181-2,205-6,242,244 conspiracy 191-2 consumer advice centres Consumer Assocation consumer credit cancellation rules credit agrreements 336 equal liability 336 extortionate credit 340 68 310 332,333-7 335-6 334-4, 33&-7 licensing of 333-4 termination of agreements 335-6 consumer law, seealso contract 309-44 advertisements 333,334 conditions and warranties 31&-15,332 260-2,312, consumer protection 323-6 credit agreements, seeconsumer credit credit notes 323 delivery of goods 321-2 ED directive, effect of 310, 324 estimates and quotations 332,337 food safety 314,32&-7 goods, sale of (and implied terms) 273-4,309-10,314-23,328, 329-30 history of 309-10 labels 313,324 price displays 312-13 private sale, the 320 remedies 322-3,327,329 services, supply of (and implied terms) 310, 329-31 trade associations 341 trade descriptions 313, 337-41 defences
422 INDEX enforcement 340-1 weights and measures withholding of goods 341 332, 337 Consumer Protection Advisory Committee 341 contempt of court 102 contingency fees 63 contingency legal fund 81-2 contract, seealso consumer law; employment contracts 259-305 accord and satisfaction 300 agreement 259-65,266,300, 311,322,347 assumpsit 260 breach of 298-330 anticipatory 299 fundamental 277-8 remedies for 300-3 capacity to make 281-7 condition as term of 273, 247-5,315,350 consensus ad idem consideration 311,331,347 counter offer 263 deed, by 259 discharge 298-300 duress 290,294 economic duress 294 exclusion (or exemption) and 262,292 259,265-70, imitation clauses 257-9, 328,331 formalities 271-2 freedom of contract 259,294 frustration, effect on 299-300,366 illegality 290, 296-8, 355, 382 implied terms in, seealso consumer law 273,274 innominate terms in restraint of trade 382-3,374 intention to create legal 274-5 296,298, relations 270-1,311, 347 invitation to treat 260-2,312 minors' liability 281-6,314, 315,356 misrepresentation 274, 290-2,320,328,331 mistake, 290, 292-4 non estfactum 293 offer and acceptance 259-65,266,311,312,347 parties to 281-7 penalty clauses 301 postal rule 263-4 privity of 287-9 promissory estoppel, doctrine of 268-70 remedies for breach of 300-3 damages 301-2 injunction 302-3 rectification 303 rescission 291, 292, 303 specific performance 303 representations 273 simple 271 specialty 271 standard form 278, 280 substantial performance, doctrine of 298, 335 terms of 273-81 uberrimae fidei 290 undue influence 290,295-6 unfair terms 279,328,331 ED Directive on 280-1 unilateral contracts 263, 265 void 76,285,290,292,296 voidable 281, 284, 290, 292 warranty as term of 273, 274-5,315,322 Control of Misleading Advertisements Regulations 1988 342 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1989 376 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) 133, 150 conversion, in tort 234 coroner's court 96, 132 corporations 19-21, 281 civil liability of 208, 287-9 criminal liability of 20 Council of Tribunals 137 courts, civil legal process, 14, 75-7, 83, 101, 383 county court 14,83-91,389 family proceedings 90-1, 118,389,416 High Court of Justice 14, 75-6,83-85,91-6,110,116, 389 judicial review 96-7 courts, criminal legal process 14, 75, 76, 104-5, 111-32 Crown Court 14,55,76, 114, 116,121-31 magistrates' court 14, 76, 104, 114, 115-21, 122 youth court 117-8 courts in England and Wales, hierachy of 42-4, 75-6 courts of appeal 76,93,97,121, 130-2 courts of Europe 132-3, 139, 142-5,147,150-1,347, 351,392 Council of Ministers 133, 141 crime, seealso pun ishment of offenders aims 14 arrestable offences 105, 157 burden of proof 15 causation, seeactus reus civil law distinguished from 13-5, 77, 155 defences to criminal liability 26, 162-70 elements of 157-62 intention to commit 159-60 motive 159 offences, classified 156-7 omissions 158 parties to, seealso secondary participation 170 reform of 156,165,167, 183 young people and liability 19, 162-3, 198 Criminal Code, Draft 51, 156, 157,160,161,165,175,184 criminal compensation 197 criminal damage 168,190-1 arson 191 definition 190 Crown immunity 208 Crown Prosecution Service 14, 54, 101, 104, 111-13 Current Law citator 2 custom, as source of law 44-5 damages 99,100,220,222, 223,230,235,239,242,244,248, 301-2 consequential loss 301, 323 liquidated and unliquidate 301 mitigation of 302 death, presumption of 403 deception, obtaining by 187-8 defamation, tort of 245-54 court action, the 247 defamatory statement, the 245-6 defences 247-52 apology 251 cons ent 251 fair comment 250-1 justification 248 offer of amends 251 privilege 249-50 innuendo 245 libel 246-7 slander 246-7 defective premises 228-30 diminished responsibility, defence of 162, 164-5, 176 diplomatic immunity 208 Director General of Fair Trading 56,57,310,341-2 Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) 113, 114 discrimination race 357,360,363-5,367 sex 357,360-3,367 divorce 398-403 children and 408-9 clean break 405,407-8,409
INDEX 423 finance and property on 404-9 irretrievable breakdown ground for 391, 398, 402 proof of 398,399-401 mediation 390 procedure 401-2 reform of 402 duress, defence of 166-7, 294, 396 EC Equal Treatment Directive 360 electricity, abstraction of employee definition duties employer 351-3, 376-7 350 185 duties 350, 375-6 liability in negligence 377-80 vicarious criminal liability 381 employment contracts, seealso contract 347-56,365-73, 382-3 common law principles definition of 347 dismissal 367-73 constructive 372-3 fair and unfair 367-72 pregnancy, associated with 370-1 summary 369 wrongful 374 holiday entitlement illegal 355 legislation, effect of minors, in respect of notice entitlement pay 349,354-5 348 284 365 347 355-6 redundancy 366-7,371-2 res trictive convenants 297-8,374, 382-3 termination of 365-73 term s and conditions 349, 350-1,352, 354 transfer of an undertaking, effects of 373 variation of 354 employment dispute s, resolution of 383-4 enforcement of judgments 98-101 engagement to marry 391 equal pay 357,358-60 equity 16-7 European Court of Human Right s 133,150,151, 392 European Union 64 aims of 139-40 court s of 42, 132-3, 142-4, 145,147,150,347 history 139 institutions of 140-5 13, 143, 145-50 145, 146 145, 148 law of decisions directives direct effect of 310,358, 361-2 147-49, regulations 145, 148 sources 145-6 supremacy of 42, 147, 149 member states of 139 Parliament 141 trade with 342-3 treatie s of 139-40, 141, 143, 144,145,147, 358 euthanasia 24-5 exturpi causa non oritur actio 18 facts and law distinguished 5-6 Family Division of the High Court 91,92,93,389 family proceedings court, see courts, civillegal process fatal accidents 230 food, consumer safety 314, 326-7 Food Labelling Regulations 1984 327 General Council of the Bar 53, 57,60 grievous bodily harm 14, 174, 182 habeas corpus, writ of Halsbury's Laws of England 5 handling stolen goods 189-90 health and safety at work 375-8 EC Directive 89/931 on 375,377 enforcement and penalties 377 110,239 2, 168, 374, 356, Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 376 homicide, see also manslaughter; murd er 172-3 House of Lords 42, 76, 97-8, 131 human righ ts 133,150-1,392 husband and wives, see spouses impossibility (in crime) 192 attempt 192 imprisonment 100-1,195-6 inchoate offences, see also attempt to commit a crime; conspiracy 170,191-2 incitement 191 independent contractors 350-2, 353,38 1-2 indictable offence, seeoffences inevitable accident, defence of 207, 242 infancy, defence of 162-3 injunctions 100, 302-3 Inns of Court 52, 53 inquiries 137 insanity, defence of intoxication, defence of 168-9 162, 162-4 162, irretrievable breakdown of marriage, see divorce judges 52, 64-8, 85, 119, 121, 122 Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 67,84,132 judicial immunity 68, 208 judicial precedent 31, 36-44, 75 material facts 5-6, 42 obiter dicta 41 ratio decidendi 37,41 stare decisis, docrine of 37, 42 juries 6, 50, 96, 124-30, 132 justification, defence of 247, 248-9 juvenile crime 162-3, 198 juvenile liaison panels 118 law adjectival 13 civil 13-5, 76-7 classification of 13-6 criminal 13-5, 76-7 facts, distinguished 5-6 international 13 legitimacy of 27-9 limits of 23 morality, relationship with 23-7 municipal 13 principles of 28-9 private 13, 77 public 13, 77 reform 50-I rules of 21 substantive 13 law centres 81, 68-9 Law Commission, role of 50-I LawLords 65, 66, 97, 131 law officers 67 law reports 3, 37 Law Society 52,53,56,57, 58, 59,61,62, 69 laying an information 105 lay visitors' sche me 110-11 legal aid 63, 75, 78-82 advice and assistance assistance by way of representation in a civilaction in a criminal action 79-81 legal expenses insuranc e 78-9 63, 78-9 78, 78-9 82
424 INDEX legal skills 1-7 legislation 30,31-4 delegated 30, 34-6 legitimacy 393 LEXISdata base 5 libel, seedefamation limitation of action 207, 326 Lord Chancellor's Advisory Committee 54, 59 Lord Chancellor's Department 78, 101 Lord Chancellor, The 65, 66, 67,92,93,98,136 Lord Chief Justice 66,93,97, 121, 130 Lord Justices of Appeal 65,67, 97, 131, 132 McKenzie friend 80,90 magistrates lay 64, 116, 120 stipendiary 65, 117 magistrates' court, seecourts, criminal legal process maintenance agreements 404-5,408 making offwithout payment 188 malice, seetorts; transferred malice malicious falsehood, tort of 253-4 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 375 manslaughter constructive gross negligence involuntary unlawful act voluntary manufacturers 158,168,176-80 178 179-80 178-80 178-9 176-8 guarantees of 326 liability of 323-6 marriage 391-8 capacity 393-4 definition 392 dissolution of 395-403 formalities 393, 394-5 incidents of 391-2 nullity 395-7 validity of 393-4 void 393,395,398 voidable 393, 398 Master of the Rolls 61, 97, 98 masters 65, 91, 95 mens rea 157, 159-61, 186, 187 minors, seealso children, rights of 198,281-6,209 misrepresentation 331 mistake, defence of 206-7,232,235,396 monopolies and mergers morality 23-7 murder 156, 158, 168 290-1,328, 167-8, 342 causation 172-4 definition 156, 158 malice aforethought 174-6 National Association of Family Mediation and Conciliation Services 390 necessity, defence of 167,207, 232 negligence, tort of, seealso torts 14, 36,85,93,211-26,252,324, 378,381-2 contributory 223-4, 242, 381,382 economic loss 215-18 negligent misstatement 216-18,291-2 neighbour principle 211-13, 214,216,218 nervous shock 213-15 professional duty of care 62, 219-23,252 remedies 230 standard of care 213, 218-23,228-9 novus actusinterveniens 224-5 nuisance, tort of, seealso torts 239-43 defences 242 private 239-40, 242 public 239,240,242,243 remedies 243-4 statutory 240, 243 nullity (of marriage) 396-7 ancillary relief 395 bars to 397 obtaining by deception 187 occupiers' liability 33,227-8 offences indictable 114, 122, 157 summary 114,157 triable eitherway 114, 157 Office of Fair Trading 134, 341-2 ombudsman 60, 138 parental rights and responsibilities 413-15,416 partnership 21 persons, law of 17-21 artificial, seealso corporations 19-21 natural 19 unincorporated associations 21,208-9 pleadings 92-3 police powers 105-11,233,237 arrest 107-8 detention 108 interviews 108 searches 105-6, 233 practice direction 85 precedent, judicial, seejudicial precedent President of the Family Division 66,93 promissory estoppel, seecontract property misdescription 341 provocation, defence of 176-8 punishment of offenders, seealso sentences 15, 194-8 deterrence 194, 195 rehabilitation 194, 195-6 retribution 194, 195 quasi-legal institutions and services 68-70, 134, 138 rape 105, 168, 169 boys 163 marital 391 recklessness 160-1 lacuna 180 objective 160 subjective 160, 182 redundancy, seeemployment contracts remedies, civil 98-100, 300-3 remoteness of damage 225-6 restrictive covenants (employment) 296,298,372,382-3 Restrictive Practices Court 93, 312,342 restrictive trade practices 342 robbery 105,122,168,188 Roskill Committee 50, 129 Royal Assent 31, 34 Rylands v Fletcher, rule in 204, 243-4 defences 244 remedy 244 sale and supply of goods, see consumer law secondary participation (crime) 170-1 abetting 170 aiding 170 counselling 170 joint enterprise 171 mens rea 171 procuring 170 reform 171 Secretary of State for Trade and Industry 310 self-defence, defence of 169, 181,207,239 self-employment 350-2, 353 sentences 118, 119, 130-1 separation, judicial 401, 403 services, supply of, seeconsumer law sexual harassment at work 362-3 slander, seedefamation, tort of small claims courts, seecourts, civil legal process (county court) solicitors 4, 52-64, 78, 79, 80,
INDEX 425 81,108 duty 81,108 right of audience 55-7,92 Solicitor General 67 sovereignty of Parliament 147 specific performance, seecontract spouses 209,391 squatters 110 statutes, seeact of Parliament statutory authority, defence of 207,242,244 statutory interpretation 45-50, 146, 149 aids to 46, 149 golden rule 48 literal rule 48 mischief rule 46, 48 purposive approach 49-50, 149 statutory instruments 3, 34-6, 145 joint committee on 36 making of 34-6 stipendary magistrate, seemagistrates strict liability, civil law 243-4 criminal law 159, 162, 339, 375 suicide 178 summary trial, see courts, criminal legal process (magistraties' court) summons 14,86,89,105 supervision orders 416-17 Supreme Court of Judicature 75, 91-7,119 theft 104, 105, 122, 156, 168, 184-90 appropriation 184-5 belonging to another 185-6 definition 184 dishonesty 186 intention permanently to deprive 186-7 property 185 torts 203-256 capacity of parties 207-9, 286 causation 224-5 courtjurisdiction 83,84,93 'eggshell skull' ('thin skull') cases 226 general defenc es 205-7 general liability 204-5 malice 204-5, 206, 251, 241, 253-4 remoteness of damage 225-6 res ipsa loquitur 226-7, 380-1 tortfeasor(s) 210 trade unions 209 transferred malice 162 transsexuals 131, 392 Treaties of Europe 132, 139-40,232,347 trespass ab initio,defence of 232 trespass, criminal 233 trespass to goods, tort of, seealso torts 234-6 conversion 234 defences 235 remedies 235 wrongful interference with goods 234-5 trespass to land, tort of 227-8, 231-3,239 defences 233 remedies 232 trespass to person, tort of 236-9 assault 236 defences 239 false imprisonment 238-9 remedies 237,239 strip searches 237 tribunals 134-8, 383-4 administrative 134-7 domestic 137 industrial 136-7,383-4 uberrimae fidei, seecontract ultra vires, doctrine of 20-1, 36,45,286 unborn children 209 unfair terms, see contract unincorporated associations 21, 208-9 unsoundness of mind, defence of 209 value added tax (VAn 313 vicarious liability 378-80 victim support 196-7 volenti nonfit injuria, defence of consent 205-6,242,244 wardship 415-16 warrant (police powers) Wolfenden Committee 155 wounding 182 writ 14,92,94 youth courts 117-18 105 25,26,