SCHEME OF WORK: LIBERALS AND CONSERVATIVES

AS Level History for OCR A 3 Liberals and Conservatives KEY ISSUE 1: HOW WERE THE WHIGS TRANSFORMED INTO LIBERALS (1896 1868)? Suggested teaching and homework activities Please note: resources are included as suggestions and not as a comprehensive guide to works available. Much will depend on the books in a department, but Heinemann AS OCR History A: Liberals and Conservatives is assumed to be the main text (referred to as the Student Book in this Scheme of Work). Introduction to course: Understand the language of assessment objectives A01 and A01b. Linking skills to GCSE. Worksheet 3.2: exercises to help students understand the assessment objectives. Worksheet 3.4 and 3.5: Skills audit and SWOT analysis. OCR Specification. GCSE file and returned coursework. www.number10.gov.uk/o utput/page146.asp (web page about Disraeli). Stress the importance of a skills-based approach and of student selfassessment. Distinguish acquiring information from using it. The importance of Key Issues as concept. Worksheet 3.6: Identifying facts relating to different Key Issues in a downloaded passage about Disraeli. Changes in the Whigs, Peelites and radicals. Establishing background knowledge of the pre-1846 period. Independent research on background report commissioned by foreign ambassador (see Teacher Notes page 121). Student Book pages XX XX. Revolution, Radicalism and Reform: England 1780 1846 by Richard Browne, CUP, 2000. Establish key points about background issues and encourage independent research. The significance of 1846. The impact of the 1846 crisis and the development of the Peelites. The early history of Gladstone. An outline of party politics the Russell ministry 1846-52. The Derby-Disraeli ministry 1852. The The different elements that met in 1846 when Peel fell (see Teacher Notes pages 121 122). The key themes are the influence of Gladstone and Palmerston; the emergence of the alliance of Palmerston: the Peelites, the Whigs and the Radicals. Worksheet 3.7: the importance of 1846; Worksheet 3.9: on the Student Book pages 32 4. Britain 1783-1918 by D. Murphy et al, Collins Educational, 2003 (Ch 8). www.historyhome.co.uk/p eel/peelhome.htm (Peel). www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/prrussell.htm (Russell). www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/prbright.htm (Bright). www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/prgladstone (Gladstone). Focus on key themes and build skills of note taking, explanation and making links between factors. Palmerston essay to focus on prioritising the factors which might explain his dominance. Bring out rivalry between Gladstone and Disraeli especially over the budget 1852. Pearson Education Ltd 2008 127

3 Liberals and Conservatives AS Level History for OCR A KEY ISSUE 1: HOW WERE THE WHIGS TRANSFORMED INTO LIBERALS (1896 1868)? Suggested teaching and homework activities Whig Peelite coalition. The domination of Palmerston. The Liberal grouping of 1859 and Gladstone s significance. Conservatism and the Reform Bill of 1867. The election of 1868. transformation of Whig to Liberal opposition (with Worksheet 3.8 as a preparatory activity). Essay on the dominance of Palmerston: Account for the importance of Palmerston in British politics 1852 1866. Students take notes from Student Book Ch 3. www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/prdisraeli.htm (Disraeli). http://dspace.dial.pipex.c om/town/terrace/adw03/p eel/cornlaws/acll.htm (the Anti-Corn-Law League). Student Book Ch 3. Murphy et al (as above), especially page 190 ff. Extra reading for Stretch and Challenge: Gladstone and the Liberal Party (Lancaster Pamphlets) by Michael Winstanley, Routledge, 1990. The Formation of the Liberal Party, 1857 68 by John Vincent, Constable, 1966. 128 Pearson Education Ltd 2008

AS Level History for OCR A 3 Liberals and Conservatives KEY ISSUE 2: WHAT WAS GLADSTONIAN LIBERALISM AND HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS GLADSTONE S FIRST MINISTRY (1868 1874)? Main ideas: free trade, laissez faire, administrative competence, peace, retrenchment and reform. In groups students take a key idea of liberals in the election of 1868 and have to construct an argument that it was the most important idea. Students prepare notes for an essay: Why did the Liberals win the election of 1868? Follow-up discussion to establish the different elements who supported Liberalism. Student Book pages 69 71 and 164 5. The Birth of Modern Britain: 1780 1914 by Eric Evans, Longman, 1997 (pages 209 216). Britain 1783-1918 by D. Murphy et al, Collins Educational, 2003 (pages 255 9). The Crisis of Imperialism, 1865 1915 by Richard Shannon, Paladin, 1976 (pages 69 ff) more challenging. Ensure key terms are understood. Bring out the links between Gladstone s moral vision and free trade, low taxation. Stress the point that Liberalism was a collection of views and elements. Domestic reforms 1868 74. Ireland the problems by 1868 (a review of the problems and why Gladstone needed to pacify Ireland). Key skill area development of balanced judgement. Give a series of opinions about Gladstone s success in Ireland and ask groups to research them and to assess how far they agree. Student book pages 71 74 and 199 204. Teachers cards giving different views. Murphy (as above) (pages 261 2). Evans (as above). Democracy & Empire: Britain 1865 1914 by E.J. Feuchtwanger, Hodder Arnold, 1985 (pages 59 62). Major legislation: Land, Disestablishment, Education, Secret Ballot. Other domestic reforms of the Ministry. The 1870 Education Act and its importance. Acts affecting government and public affairs Civil Service and Army Reform and the Secret Ballot. Develop the skill of setting judgements against aims and also by extent of achievements. This establishes the idea that success of policies depends on what the policies set out to do. Try to group reforms in terms of political/ideological ideas, e.g. equality of Opportunity/reform. Consider whether the reforms met the needs of a developing society. Notes on reforms see below. Texts: Student Book pages 74 83 and 165 9. Murphy (as above) (pages 261 5). Shannon (as above): Ch.4 offers a judgement but is demanding. Explanation of criteria to assess students contributions to the The aims should be to establish some sort of priority of the importance/significance of reforms e.g. was Ireland most important? Then to form an overall judgement of success and, for more stretch, to consider what criteria can be used and whether this affects judgement. A more Pearson Education Ltd 2008 129

3 Liberals and Conservatives AS Level History for OCR A KEY ISSUE 2: WHAT WAS GLADSTONIAN LIBERALISM AND HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS GLADSTONE S FIRST MINISTRY (1868 1874)? Public Health and Licensing. Civil service, public health, local government and judicature. Gladstone s popular appeal. Gladstone s foreign policy: The significance of the Alabama Award. Neutrality. The Black Sea Clauses. Attitudes to Empire. An assessment of the aims and achievements of overseas policy. List the successes and limitations of domestic reforms. Discuss judgements from Worksheets 3.10 and 3.11. Compare Gladstone s foreign policy with that of Disraeli and Palmerston. Possible balloon debate on who had approach to foreign policy which best met British needs? Consider why Gladstone lost the 1874 election. Follow-up essay : How successful were the domestic and Irish reforms of Gladstone s First Ministry 1868 74? Review writing skills and organisation. debate on the reforms. Was the contribution relevant? did the students listen to arguments and develop the debate, offering others opportunity to speak? Writing frame and list of criteria for essay (Worksheet 3.12). Copy of OCR marking scheme. Student Book pages 176 ff. Murphy (as above) (pages 312 16). Cards with information for balloon debate. advanced debate would be on how to judge the reforms by the limited expectations of Gladstone s day or by the greater expectations of our own. This would involve considering how radical Gladstone s contemporaries might have found, say, the Abolition of the Purchase of Commissions; whereas to us it seemed merely ending an anachronism. This establishment of criteria can be applied later to Disraeli s reforms. The contribution to the balloon debate (done in threes) will be assessed and feedback given. Writing frame available (Worksheet 3.12). Review of progress. The skills being developed at this stage are: Knowledge Supported judgement Organization Clear expression Contribution to discussion Worksheet 3.15: Mid-course audit. The review of progress should be based on: test on content linked to arguments about how effective the reforms were. (not necessarily a test essay) contribution to class discussions plan of essay completed essay Marked essays. At this point differentiated tasks may be necessary as students identify problems or show that they can use and profit from more advanced reading. The review or progress will be linked to interim school reports. Students to set targets 130 Pearson Education Ltd 2008

AS Level History for OCR A 3 Liberals and Conservatives KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DID DISRAELI BECOME CONSERVATIVE LEADER? KEY ISSUE 4: WHAT WAS DISRAELIAN CONSERVATISM? Topic outline The impact of Peel s fall on Disraeli s career. Revision of the importance of the 1846 crisis and Disraeli s early career. Students make a judgement about whether Disraeli s rise to a position of political importance depended more on his own abilities or the favourable circumstances of the time (revise the skills of supported judgement). Murphy (as above) Ch 16 Student Book page 150 ff. Additional reading: Disraeli by Mary Dicken, Collins Educational, 2004. The Lion and the Unicorn by Richard Aldous, Pimlico, 2007. This material revisits some of the earlier introductory material, so provides a chance to develop views and knowledge. Disraeli s experience of government 1852 and 1866 7. The 1867 Reform Act. Cover the Budget of 1852 and rivalry with Gladstone. Provide a background to parliamentary reform. Lead a discussion of Disraeli s motives for introducing parliamentary reform did he trust the people or was it merely to dish the Whigs? Student Book page 39 ff (budget of 1852). Student Book page 55 ff (Reform Bill of 1866). The Age of Disraeli 1868 1881: The Rise of Tory Democracy by Richard Shannon, Longman, 1992 (for teachers and able students). Skills should be reviewed especially basing judgements firmly on evidence and offering balance. Students prepare for and carry out a mini-debate about whether 1867 reform came about through a desire for long-term change or sheer political opportunism. (The skills of linking factors and supported judgement are developed.) The evolution of Disraeli s political thought: One Nation Conservatism; Tory democracy; support for Church, monarchy and aristocracy; empire and social reform The debate is whether these policies were consistent principles or merely political ploys. The aims of teaching/learning in this section are: 1. To establish the ideas and ensure they are understood. Students work in pairs/groups to devise a wall chart: around a picture of Disraeli include different ideas with explanations and show links between them. 2. To evaluate the significance of Evans (as above) (Ch 23). Dicken (as above). Disraeli by Robert Blake, Prion, 1998. Student Book pages 162 3. Stretch and challenge read some of Disraeli s own writings: Sybil (an 1845 novel by Disraeli). the Manchester and Crystal Palace speeches (there is a summary of Disraeli s principles really need to be seen in the light of his actions in power, so this section may need to be revisited later. An alternative is to merely outline the ideas at this point, then cover the Second Ministry and return to the ideas in more detail. Pearson Education Ltd 2008 131

3 Liberals and Conservatives AS Level History for OCR A KEY ISSUE 3: WHY DID DISRAELI BECOME CONSERVATIVE LEADER? KEY ISSUE 4: WHAT WAS DISRAELIAN CONSERVATISM? Topic outline these ideas (more demanding). One group gathers evidence for Disraeli being sincere; one group gathers evidence for the principles being opportunistic. Essay to be done later as consideration of the Second Ministry needed: To what extent was Disraeli genuinely committed to domestic reform? The depth of discussion will vary opportunity for stretch and challenge here. these speeches on pages 311 323 of the paperback edition of The Penguin Book of Historic Speeches, by Brian MacArthur (ed), Penguin, 1996). For a list of Disraeli sites: http://www.lang.nagoyau.ac.jp/~matsuoka/disrael i.html 132 Pearson Education Ltd 2008

AS Level History for OCR A 3 Liberals and Conservatives KEY ISSUE 5: HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS DISRAELI S SECOND MINISTRY? Topic outline Domestic reforms 1874 1880. The key discussion points for this topic are: How far did the reforms succeed in meeting the needs of British society? How far did they put Disraeli s ideas into practice? (See Exam Café on pages 165 176 for an example of an essay with commentary.) A solid knowledge of the reforms is needed here, and making a chart showing reforms and their effects is helpful for students. You could also give a test focusing on recall. Student Book page 96 ff has a very useful summary. The discussion on page 169 of the Student Book refers to wider reading: Disraeli by John Vincent, OUP, 1990. Disraelian Conservatism and Social Reform by Paul Smith, Routledge, 1967. Dicken (as above) offers a summary of arguments. Murphy (as above) Ch 14 puts the reforms in context. Lists of Victorian laws can be very tedious, so the emphasis should be on the skill of developing supported judgements possibly linking this to supported judgements about modern political reforms. However, the crucial point here is for students to use balanced and supported judgement. One group could select and support the achievements of the reforms, while another group selects the limitations. Findings could be presented using a PowerPoint presentation. Then students should be encouraged to form judgements. These could be stuck round the classroom and comments posted on them using sticky notes. This allows for differentiated work offers chance for developed judgement. For the essay, you could adapt the writing frame given on Worksheet 3.12 to help those having problems structuring answers. Possible titles are: How successful were Disraeli s domestic reforms in meeting the needs of the British people 1874-1880? Pearson Education Ltd 2008 133

3 Liberals and Conservatives AS Level History for OCR A KEY ISSUE 5: HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS DISRAELI S SECOND MINISTRY? Topic outline To what extent did Disraeli s domestic reforms implement his previous ideas of One England and Tory Democracy? Foreign and imperial policy. Distinguish between foreign and imperial policy: policy regarding the Eastern Question dominates foreign policy. India, South Africa, annexation of Fiji are the main elements of colonial policy. Key issues are: Did Disraeli have a coherent policy or was he driven by circumstances? Did he defend British interests or was Beaconsfieldism wasteful and immoral? As this latter issue is the biggest area of controversy between Gladstone and Disraeli, Worksheet 3.16 is suggested here. Blake s Disraeli (as above) gives a very good account of the Eastern Question. Student Book page 175 ff. Murphy (as above) (Ch 18). Dicken s Disraeli (as above) gives follow-up indications for stretch and challenge. Shannon s The Crisis of Imperialism (as above) Ch 6 is useful for very able students and teachers. This topic gives opportunity for adversarial discussion, but the Eastern Question is demanding for some and too much background material can be confusing. There is a brief guide to Foreign Policy in History Review 2005. It is important to keep the focus on the Key Issue of arguments about Disraeli s success. If the kung fu match is unsuitable for your students, then a debate would serve the same purpose. Indications of differentiation are given in the Teacher Notes on page 125. A follow up essay would be useful here, building on feedback from earlier essays and confirming skills of balanced judgement: How successful was Disraeli s foreign and Imperial policy? The writing frame (Worksheet 3.12) could be adapted for this question if some students still have problems. 134 Pearson Education Ltd 2008

AS Level History for OCR A 3 Liberals and Conservatives KEY ISSUE 6: HOW SUCCESSFUL WERE GLADSTONE S LATER MINISTRIES? Suggested teaching and homework activities Gladstone s position in 1880. His views on foreign and imperial policy. Problems inherited from Disraeli in Ireland. Growing radicalism within the Liberal movement. A SWOT analysis would be helpful here. (see the model on Worksheet 3.5) Murphy (as above) page 325. Student Book: pages 204 205 (Ireland). pages 194 ff (Great Depression). pages 184 6 (foreign situation). It is important to show that the context was changing the emphasis should not just be on a biographical approach to Gladstone. Gladstone s age and temperament. The economic situation. Gladstone and Ireland 1880 93: the rise of Parnell the Land League coercion and conciliation Gladstone s conversion to Home Rule split in the Liberals A good way to approach this topic is to establish the situation in Ireland and consider alternative solutions these could come from class discussion or from a list/cards issued by teacher. The focus is again on supported judgement did Gladstone follow the right policies? Murphy (as above) Ch 17 gives an overview. Irish Home Rule 1867 1921 by Alan O Day, Manchester University Press, 1998. Student Book page 199 ff for an overall review of Ireland. Ireland tends to dominate this period but should be seen in a wider context of Liberal discontent with Gladstone and changing social and economic circumstances in Britain as a whole. Gladstone s other domestic policies and further electoral reform and the rise of more radical Liberal realism the Newcastle programme. Though the stress may well be on Gladstone s failure, students should try to reach a balanced judgement on Gladstone s later career as a whole. Student Book page 233 ff. Murphy (as above) Ch 19 puts Gladstone s later ministries into context. Teachers may need to consult a more detailed study for Gladstone s domestic policies, e.g.: Gladstone: Heroic Minister 1865 1898 by Richard Shannon, Allen Lane, 1999. Gladstone: A Biography by These other aspects of Gladstone s later ministries tend to be rather neglected in the texts and by students. It may be necessary to provide additional material, but the aim is to encourage a judgement involving all aspects foreign, Ireland and domestic Pearson Education Ltd 2008 135

3 Liberals and Conservatives AS Level History for OCR A KEY ISSUE 6: HOW SUCCESSFUL WERE GLADSTONE S LATER MINISTRIES? Suggested teaching and homework activities Sir Philip Magnus, Penguin Books, new edition 2001. Gladstone by Roy Jenkins, Pan, 2002. Gladstone 1809 1898 by H.C.G. Matthew, Clarendon Press, 1997. Gladstone by G. Goodlad, Collins Educational, 2004 identifies debates. policies. Websites: www.encyclopedia.com/doc /1E1-GladstonW.html www.cartoonstock.com/vint age/directory/g/gladstone_s _2nd_ministry.asp (has some pictorial sources). Foreign and imperial policy 1880 1885. Cartoons could be used or devised by students which attack Gladstone for a range of unpopular policies Gordon s death, giving in to terrorism in Ireland, etc. and then evaluated. Essay: How successful were Gladstone s later ministries? Murphy (as above) pages 325 7 is useful. Student Book pages 184 6. R Shannon s The Crisis of Imperialism (as above) Ch 7, for teachers/more able students. There should be some push by this stage into using skills gained over the course in a welldeveloped manner. Use of assessment diagnostically is important for the revision period when individual problems with skills should be addressed. Review skills and aim to develop a finer balance of judgement and more effective use of support to ensure progress. 136 Pearson Education Ltd 2008

AS Level History for OCR A 3 Liberals and Conservatives Revision Suggested teaching time: 4 weeks Theme Content Review of skills The development of Liberalism. Key Issues 1, 2, 6. Worksheet 3.18 is provided to help with revision and reflection. An overview of the development of Liberalism from the change from Whigs, 1859, Gladstonian principles, adaptation to new social and economic conditions, Newcastle Programme and origins of new Liberalism. Clear introductions to essays which show understanding of question Selection of relevant material Reviewing previous judgements critically Gladstone. Key Issues 1, 2, 6. Conservatism. Key Issues 1, 3, 4, 5. Disraeli. Key Issues 1, 3, 4, 5. Overview of changes in career, identifications of key turning points, estimation of success/failure in career as a whole. Development from Peelite party of Tamworth manifesto to years in opposition, new organisation and principles, link with Unionists 1886. Overview of career key turning points, successes/failures; estimation of career as a whole. Links between factors Apagesropriate vocabulary and specialised terms Reflecting on period as a whole Balanced and supported judgements Effective conclusions Preparing for synoptic skills at A2 Use of time in examination Reading questions carefully Writing economically Pearson Education Ltd 2008 137