PESA ACT -BACKGROUND SCHEDULED AREAS - Scheduled Districts Act, 1874 - Montague-Chelmsford Report - Government of India Act, 1919 Wholly Excluded & Modified Exclusion - Government of India Act, 1935, Backward areas were classified as excluded areas and partially excluded areas ; tribal areas - Cabinet Mission Statement of 1946 - Advisory Committee under the Constituent Assembly - (Thakkar Committee ) PANCHAYATS -Local affairs continued to be regulated by such Panchayats even in the Mughal Period -Gandhian village republic as the basis of whole constitution -Article 40 in the Constitution of India - Mehta Committees - G.V.K.Rao Committee - Singhvi Committee, 1986-73 rd Constitution Amendment, 1992 - Andhra Judgment - Bhuriya Committee - PESA, 1996
INTRODUCTION The PESA s attempt is to vest legislative powers in Gram Sabha specifically in areas relating to development planning, mgt of natural resources and adjudication of disputes in accordance with prevalent traditions and customs.
Change in the sociopolitical landscape of India deprive the Naxal of the fertile ground of backwardness and poverty in the Red Corridor and make them baseless assimilate the 8 percent tribal Adivasis into the mainstream political current through self governance preserve forests and local ecology because they only know their land and its resources the best
Act extended panchayats to the tribal areas of 9 states. Andhra Pradesh Chhattisgarh Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Maharashtra Madhya pradesh Orissa Rajasthan
PESA- ESSENTIAL POINTS - State legislations on Panchayats shall be in consonance with customary laws, social and religious practices and traditional management practices of community resources. - The competence of Gram Sabha in safeguarding and preserving traditions and customs of the people, their cultural identity, community resources, and customary mode of dispute resolution. - Definition of village itself, which shall ordinarily consist of a habitation (group of habitations), hamlet (group of hamlets) comprising a community and managing its affairs in accordance with traditions and customs. Every Such Village s Gram Sabha.
PESA 2.Those powers that have been vested exclusively with the Gram Sabha - The approval of the developmental plans, programmes and projects for social and economic development - Identification or selection of beneficiaries for poverty alleviation and other programmes - The granting of certificate of utilisation of funds for plans programmes and projects that are implemented by the Panchayat
PESA 3. Those powers that are exclusively vested with the Panchayat at appropriate level (PAL). Planning and Management of Minor Water Bodies
PESA 4.Those powers that are vested with the Gram Sabha or PAL - Consultation before Land Acquisition for development projects and before resettling or rehabilitating persons affected by such projects. - Prior recommendations is mandatory before granting prospecting license or mining leases for minor minerals - Prior recommendations is mandatory for grant of concessions for the exploitation of minor minerals by auction
PESA 5. Powers that are vested in the Gram Sabha and PAL - Enforcing-- prohibition, regulation or restricting the sale or consumption of any intoxicants - Ownership of minor forest produce. - Preventing alienation of land in Scheduled Areas and taking appropriate action to restore unlawfully alienated land of ST - Control over institutions and functionaries in all social sectors - Management of village market - Control over Money Lending - Control over local plans and resources for such plans including tribal sub-plans 9
CRITICAL LEGAL ISSUES Empowerment Empowerment of Gram Sabha stands on a different footing from the empowerment of Gram Panchayat. The vesting of powers to Panchayat at appropriate level (used frequently by PESA and State amendments) need not necessarily empower Gram Sabha.
CRITICAL LEGAL ISSUES Development Planning and the Gram Sabha Under PESA every Gram Sabha shall approve the plans, programmes and projects.. Role restricted to granting approvals to decided plans.
CRITICAL LEGAL ISSUES Beneficiaries. No guidelines/ principles for identification and selection of beneficiaries. Beneficiaries and other programmes? Criteria for awarding of certification of utilisation of funds unclear. Whether the Gram Sabha should be involved in budget making process too?
CRITICAL LEGAL ISSUES Prevention of land alienation Clear understanding of the nature and extent of powers that needs to be vested with the Gram Sabha and the various tiers of the Panchayats for prevention of land alienation Ownership of Minor Forest Produce This power seems to be restricted to the local areas of the Panchayat of the respective Gram Sabhas
CENTRAL PESA AND STATE RESPONSE FORESTS-PEOPLE Under PESA every Gram Sabha shall approve the plans, programmes and projects.forestry projects? Working plans, micro plans? Ownership of Minor Forest Produce
PESA-FORESTS-PEOPLE STATE RESPONSE The Gujarat Act has vested in the Village Panchayat minor forest produce found (except found in the areas of National Parks or Sanctuaries) in such area of a forest as is situate in the jurisdiction of that village The H.P Act provides that the Gram Panchayat or as the case may be Gram Sabha shall have the ownership of minor forest produce within the local area of the Gram Sabha
PESA-FORESTS-PEOPLE The Maharashtra Act, -Gram Sabha in the Scheduled Areas to issue direction to the Panchayat with regard to the exploitation and regulation of trading of minor forest produce, subject to provisions of the Maharashtra Transfer of Ownership of MFP in the Scheduled Areas, and the Maharashtra Minor Forest Produce (Regulation of Trade) (Amendment) Act, 1997. Ownership?? The M.P and Rajasthan Acts have not transferred the power of ownership of MFP under the State PESA.
PESA-FORESTS-PEOPLE ROLE OF SUPREME COURT ENCROACHMENT, CENTRALLY EMPOWERED COMMITTEE, CLARIFICATIONS IN 2002 WHO IS AN ENCROACHER?
PESA-LAND-PEOPLE Consultation before Land Acquisition PESA-GS or PAL GUJARAT - Taluka Panchayat H.P The Gram Sabha shall be consulted before making the acquisition of land in the Scheduled Areas for development of projects and before re-settling or rehabilitating persons evicted by such projects in the scheduled areas; the actual planning and implementation of the projects in the scheduled areas shall be coordinated at the State Level
PESA-LAND-PEOPLE M.P. The Gram Sabha or the Panchayats at the appropriate level shall be consulted The Gram Sabha in Scheduled Areas shall manage natural resources including land, water, forests within the area of the village in accordance with provisions of the Constitution and other relevant laws for the time being in force;
PESA-LAND-PEOPLE MAHARASHTRA. - Every Panchayat; PS; ZP Provided that, every Panchayat shall consult the Gram Sabha before conveying its views to the Land Acquisition Authority concerned;!!!!!!,
PESA-LAND-PEOPLE RAJASTHAN-The Gram Sabha or the Panchayati Raj Institution at such level, as may be prescribed by the State Government, shall be consulted
PESA-LAND-PEOPLE Prevention of Land Alienation and its restoration PESA-GS and PAL GUJARAT- District Panchayat. M.P..? H.P..?
PESA-LAND-PEOPLE MAHARASTRA- It shall be competent for every Gram Sabha in the Scheduled Areas:- to make recommendations through panchayat having regard to the provisions of any law for the time being in force pertaining to transfer or alienation of land of the persons belonging to the scheduled tribes, be competent to make suitable recommendations to the Collector
PESA-LAND-PEOPLE RAJASTHAN- G.S. OR PAL The power to prevent alienation of land in the Scheduled Areas and to take appropriate action in accordance laws in force in the State, to restore any unlawfully alienated land of a Scheduled Tribe.
PESA-WATER-PEOPLE Planning and Mgt of Minor Water Bodies at PAL What are minor water bodies? Gujarat GP H.P.- GP OR PS OR ZP as may be specified M.P- GS to Advise GP + ZP to Plan manage & Own upto a specified area Raj- as may be prescribed Mah-??? Role of PRIs
CONCLUDING REMARKS Lack of Simple Legal Regime Need for Bottom Up Approach to Law Suggestions for alternative mechanisms in law. Gramdan Acts (Guj, Mah and Rajasthan ) Gram Ganrajya ( Raj and Gram Swarajya ( M. P) Non-Existing Operational Rules Clarity in allocations of powers Capacity building of stake holders, trainers, training of trainers Exploring & Utilising Legal Spaces