Chapter 1 Population & Settlement

Chapter 1 Population & Settlement Section 3: British Rule / British Regime (1760-1867)

The 7 Year War & the Conquest In 1760, the British took control of what was New France The 7 Year War (1754-1760) Ended with the Capitulation of Montreal (city surrendered) on September 8 th 1760 The British were now in control of the territory of what used to be NF Conflicts in Europe between Britain & France continued after 1760

The 7 Year War & the Conquest The Conquest was definitive British were much stronger: More support from mother country ($$$) More soldiers Greater population Stronger naval fleet Surrounded French

The 7 Year War & the Conquest Around 1750 After 1763 (Everything red belongs to the British)

The 7 Year War & the Conquest I ve got a huge wedgey Shut up! The General is watching! I can hear both of you morons! Left: Capitulation of Quebec (1759) / Right: Capitulation of Montreal (1760)

The Province of Quebec 1763 From 1760-1763 British military in charge of territory taken from French 1763 signing of Treaty of Paris British officially take over what was New France 1763 The Royal Proclamation Issued by King George III to establish boundaries and government in the new territories of North America

The Province of Quebec 1763 You know you love my choice of outfit! King George III and the Royal Proclamation of 1763

The Province of Quebec 1763 French military, government officials and many other wealthy individuals travelled back to France However, many regular people had no choice but to stay in North America They became British subjects The French population was mostly condensed into the Province of Quebec along the St. Lawrence River The French government got to keep 2 small islands near Newfoundland called St. Pierre & Miquelon

The Province of Quebec 1763

The Province of Quebec 1763 The Province of Quebec after 1763 Land surrounding the St. Lawrence River From the Ottawa River until the Gaspe Peninsula

The Province of Quebec 1763 St. Pierre & Miquelon (for fishing)

The population of the Province of Quebec Population of the Province of Quebec in 1763 consisted of: Approximately 65,000 people 96%-99% French Canadiens ~1% English speaking British subjects A small population of FO and slaves (from Africa) A majority French population was a problem for the British authorities

The population of the Province of Quebec The British King wanted to assimilate the French speaking population ASAP In order to accomplish this bring in many immigrants form the British Isles to increase the English speaking population in the PoQ. Demographic situation of the PoQ around 1763 (not including FO)

Waves of immigrants to the province of Quebec after the Conquest Immigrants from British Isles: England Scotland Ireland Wales Increased the English speaking population in PoQ Mainly in cities like Montreal and along the St. Lawrence Valley French remained the majority of the population by 1780s Demographic situation of the PoQ in 1784 (not including FO)

Waves of immigrants to the province of Quebec after the Conquest The Loyalists arrive in the Province of Quebec Fled to Canada during/after the American Revolution Late 1770s-early 1780s The Loyalists did not want to separate from the British Empire wanted to remain British Loyal to British Crown (king) After USA became an independent nation Loyalists were persecuted tarred and feathered (or worse) by Americans

Waves of immigrants to the province of Quebec after the Conquest I lost my wig! I can t live without my wig! Why tar and feathers? There are so many worse things! Artistic depictions of persecution of the Loyalists

Waves of immigrants to the province of Quebec after the Conquest Over time the Loyalists settled in several places: Nova Scotia / New Brunswick / Newfoundland / PEI The Province of Quebec Gaspésie Eastern Townships Montreal region West of the Ottawa River Becomes Upper Canada (Now Ontario) North of Lake Ontario Becomes Upper Canada (Now Ontario) WHY? all these territories remained British

Waves of immigrants to the province of Quebec after the Conquest

Waves of immigrants to the province of Quebec after the Conquest When are you gonna build that house you promised me?... I m not living in a tent my whole life! Loyalist camp during travels to the Province of Quebec

Waves of immigrants to the province of Quebec after the Conquest The British removed the French way of land division seignueries It was replaced by a TOWNSHIP system of land division Rectangles squares Eastern Townships of Quebec Cowansville, Mansonville, etc. Ontario has many townships

Waves of immigrants to the province of Quebec after the Conquest Township Settlements in what was the Province of Quebec / Upper Canada

Waves of immigrants to the province of Quebec after the Conquest Eastern Townships map -1850s

Constitutional Act 1791 The Loyalists are not happy with the was the PoQ is run too French! Population cannot vote for government officials! After some complaining British government creates the Constitutional Act PoQ divided into Upper Canada & Lower Canada Upper Canada: Mainly English/protestants Lower Canada: Mainly French Catholics with a sprinkling of English in Montreal and Eastern Townships

Constitutional Act 1791

Constitutional Act 1791 Population of Lower Canada after the Constitutional Act: Approximately 160,000 people Majority of French Canadiens A minority of English speaking British subjects (larger than before) A small population of FO and slaves Because of natural growth French remain majority in Lower Canada

Waves of immigrants to Upper & Lower Canada after the Constitutional Act After 1791 The British government continues to push immigration from the British Isles Assimilation of French English, Scottish, Irish Leave British Isles because of difficult economic conditions Possibility of job prospects in Upper/Lower Canada fur trade/timber trade Irish POTATOE FAMINE Large waves of British immigration during the rest of the British Regime

Waves of immigrants to Upper & Lower Canada after the Constitutional Act Potatoe Famine in Ireland: 1845-1852 More than 1 million deaths Mass emigration Ireland lost between 20%-25% of it s population

Waves of immigrants to Upper & Lower Canada after the Constitutional Act Scenes of British Immigrants on Trans-Atlantic journey (left) and arriving in Quebec City (right) in the mid 1800s

Waves of immigrants to Upper & Lower Canada after the Constitutional Act The general public in Lower (and Upper) Canada did not always welcome the new immigrants Why? The immigrants were often sick and spread diseases like cholera and typhoid within the colony The Irish were competing for jobs with the French in the timber industry (cutting down trees, etc.)

Waves of immigrants to Upper & Lower Canada after the Constitutional Act The authorities in the colony saw the spread of diseases due to the sick immigrants They decided to take action create a QUARENTEEN STATION An Island in the St. Lawrence River: Grosse Ile Keep sick immigrants there before they arrive in Quebec City, Montreal, Toronto Many immigrants died on Grosse Ile because they never recovered

Waves of immigrants to Upper & Lower Canada after the Constitutional Act Location of Grosse- Ile

Waves of immigrants to Upper & Lower Canada after the Constitutional Act

Waves of immigrants to Upper & Lower Canada after the Constitutional Act The timber trade along with the fur trade: Many British immigrants hoped to get jobs in these industries once they arrived in Upper & Lower Canada

Waves of immigrants to Upper & Lower Canada after the Constitutional Act Despite many sick immigrants people from British Isles continued to land in the colonies Most British immigrants chose to live in Upper Canada (English) large increase of the population in Upper Canada British immigrants chose to live in MONTREAL if they landed in Lower Canada In Lower Canada NATURAL GROWTH is still the main factor for population increasing

Waves of immigrants to Upper & Lower Canada after the Constitutional Act Paths & Destinations of British Immigrants to Upper & Lower Canada 1846-1851

Waves of immigrants to Upper & Lower Canada after the Constitutional Act

Waves of immigrants to Upper & Lower Canada after the Constitutional Act Because of immigration English population in Lower Canada increased, but NEVER surpasses Francophone population in Lower Canada (except in Montreal)

Waves of immigrants to Upper & Lower Canada after the Constitutional Act The British government tried to push British immigrants to settle in Lower Canada increase English population They sold a large piece of land in the Eastern Townships to a company called the British American Land Company (1832) The only way the company could make a profit divide the land into small pieces and sell to British immigrants Win-win more English in Lower Canada & Company makes a profit Information poster for the British American Land Company - 1832

Waves of immigrants to Upper & Lower Canada after the Constitutional Act The main results of immigration on the population/society: Montreal had a larger English population by 1851 Because British immigrants chose to land in Upper Canada (most of the time) the population of Upper Canada surpasses Lower Canada by the mid 1800s Canada West s population surpasses Lower Canada

Waves of immigrants to Upper & Lower Canada after the Constitutional Act The main results of immigration on the territory: Creation of the township land division system replaces seigneuries More British institutions Protestant/Anglican churches, English/Protestant schools St. James United Church-Founded in 1803 (on Ste. Cathrines Street, Montreal)

Emigration of French Canadiens in By the 1830s: the early 1830s onward Farmers crops were suffering in Lower Canada Farmers were not producing enough wheat to make profits Farms became overcrowded too many people for amount of land Younger generations had no way to make a living on the traditional farmlands

Emigration of French Canadiens in As a result: the early 1830s onward Many French Canadiens EMIGRATED to New England in the USA (Vermont, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts) More work in factories in the USA Some French Canadiens decide to move to other areas within Lower Canada to start new farms Outaouais, Mauricie, Saguenay, Laurentians EMIGRATION to the USA continued well into the 1930s

Emigration of French Canadiens in the early 1830s onward French Canadiens Emigration to the USA- 1830s onward

Aboriginal Population & Effects of British Immigration on Amerindians Because of an ever-increasing waves of British immigrants: Amerindians are forced off their traditional hunting grounds due to the development of new townships resistance right after the Conquest in 1760 The policy of assimilation into a sedentary, religious lifestyle continued with the British colonial administrators. 1850s: native reserve land system established. By 1800 a population of ~5000 Iroquoians & Algonquians in the St. Lawrence Valley (a much smaller number before Europeans arrived in North America)

Aboriginal Population & Effects of British Immigration on Amerindians After 1763: Pontiac (leader of a loose band of FO nations) Land was taken from these nations after 1763 Rebelled against British Attack British forts around the Great Lakes

Act of Union 1840 Population of Lower Canada after the Act of Union: Approximately 665,400 people in Canada East (what is now Quebec) Majority of French Canadiens A minority of English speaking citizens (larger than before 1791) A small population of FO *** We will discuss the Act of Union in detail during the 4 th chapter***

Connections to the Progressions of learning