The Age of Ideologies: Europe in the Aftermath of the Revolution, 1815-1848
France After Napoleon September 1814 June 1815 = Congress of Vienna Klemens von Metternich = Austria England, France, Russia and Prussia Allies against Napoleon to restore monarchies and establish a long lasting peace Lenient to France Louis XVIII = King of France (brother of Louis XVI) Could keep boundaries of 1790 700 million francs for reparations Occupying army until 1818 Return all stolen art
The Congress of Vienna and the Rest of Europe Most powerful = Austria and Britain Russia tried for Poland but was denied by Metternich divided up among Austria, Prussia and an independent Poland w/ support from Russia Netherlands, Piedmont, Prussia, Switzerland, Spain, Sweden, Austria, Papal States gained territory Confederation of the Rhine 39 independent States Both feared Prussia and Russia German Confederation = really just to scare France Prussia would gain strength through the Zollverein to challenge Austria England did not want any territories
A Long Lasting Peace: Alliances Quadruple Alliance England, Austria, Russia and Prussia End any future French aggression Preserve the map of Europe as the congress wanted 1818 France joins Quintuple Alliance Britain prevents any major actions in national affairs The Holy Alliance Prussia, Austria and Russia Alexander I and Metternich protect Christianity All willing to intervene in national affairs Liberal government in Spain France invaded to restore the Spanish monarchy in 1823
New Politics in a New Europe FR over, but the revolutionary ideas remained National fights of Conservatism vs. Liberalism C = Ideas of Metternich on the national level No individualism Gradual change Monarchies can stop violent revolutionary events Espionage, censorship and repression of FR ideas Constitutionalism, freedom of speech, civil liberties, voting rights, legal equality, free market economy, democracy, parliaments/republics and Nationalism Mostly at universities = huge police forces L = Spanish party = constitution modeled on the FR Freedom of the individual + the corruptibility of authority Based on Enlightenment ideas of the FR Everything conservatives wanted to censor and repress Government should only be promoting freedom
Liberalism in Action Abolitionist movement 1833 slavery abolished in England In American it spawns the Woman's movement Utilitarianism = governments should try to maximize happiness and reduce suffering of its people Prison experiments rewards and punishments Social reform for the poor Birth control Ending private property Redistribution of wealth Free trade Questioning the role of government unless it is helping the masses increase their freedom
Romanticism: Artistic Change Emotion and impression over reason and truth Bring readers to tears Drama without plot Abstract paintings and sculptures Showing that the world was not as neat and rational as the sciences were trying to convey them to be Making your gardens look perfectly untamed Artist knows something about human nature, not just the scientific way to draw something accurately Recognizing subjectivity Victor Hugo's Les Misérables
Nationalism The nation = collective identity and political allegiance 1815-1850 = spread as the idea that the people could rise up against kings and foreign oppressors Not connected by religion, region or family Connected by a common culture Came from the ideas spread by the FR and Napoleon Vernacular literature (Germany = Grimm's Fairy Tales) Language of the people, not the ruler Histories of the people French flag and La Marseillaise You have a duty to your country The driving force for action and explanation of those actions (stereotypes)
Socialism Stemming from Utilitarianism Property is theft Industrialization end of worker's rights to profit from their labor profits bourgeoisie = labor of others People should be able to gain from their own labor Could peacefully try to create a Utopia out of this Take into account social, sexual and economic needs of everyone Work at what you enjoy, not for money Some rural communities tried this most failed Women joined, looking for more civil liberties Some felt a revolution was coming Marx and Engels' Communist Manifesto class war against the capitalists Workers of the world unite, you have nothing to lose but your chains
Prelude to the Revolutions 1820s Workers, Bourgeoisie, and women start demanding participation in government based on FR Migrants to the city meeting in coffeehouses Workers, especially women, poorly paid prostitution Increasing crime rates due to poverty + overcrowding 1850 34,000 in Paris, 50,000 in London and VD 1829 police forces start Problems often blamed on immorality of the poor Aid only given if old, sick or with children Otherwise, out of work because you were immoral 1830s and 1840s The social question Famines seen as natural ways to limit the population Laws to regulate the factory (child labor)
The Revolutions of 1830 Secret political organizations in Europe w/ FR ideals Student riots (Germany) + protests on suffrage (UK) Sicily, Spain, Portugal ('20), Greece ('21), Russia ('25) The French Revolution of 1830 Louis XVIII = constitutional monarchy Charles X Wanted a true restoration of life before the FR (1824) Returned the Catholic Church = death for sacrilege 1830 dissolved parliament new elections Liberal majority against the king Four Ordinances = censored the press, changed electoral law so only his supporters could win, dissolved parliament again and new elections Harsh winter of 1829 high food prices starvation July 1830 = uprising and Charles X fled to England Constitutional monarchy back voting requirement lowered lowered 80,000 more (still less than 1%)
The Revolts of the 1830s Riots in England over grain prices German workers destroyed machines over wages Belgian independence from the Netherlands Polish revolution crushed by Russia Failed Italian revolutions in Austrian territory (1831) Revolution in the Papal states (1838) All revolts/independence movements/revolutions = Republican or nationalist character Showed how connected Europe was European leaders supported others on Vienna ideals UK and Fr = more supportive of constitutional monarchy European people became closer together w/ FR ideals
English Reforms Needed land to vote or hold office Large towns and cities = no representation Few liberals in office bill for representation by population density did not pass Fear of uprisings The Great Reform Bill of 1832 = large towns could get representation and less property needed really only helped the bourgeoisie London Working Men's Association's People's Charter All men must have the right to vote and hold office Chartist Movement encouraged political talk among the workers and women chartists repression by parliament Strikes, riots in the 1840s splintered over violence 1848 March on the House of Commons government deputized 200,00 property owners disbandment and no revolution
Worker and Female Unrest in Europe 1820s 1850s = Uprisings, strikes and machine breaking throughout Europe Socialism Increase of unions and organization Fear of the machines Women = even less pay and sometimes by piece Worker unions excluded women as taking their money and their proper place being in the home Emancipation of women movement should be able to join with the men Some women only unions
The Revolutions of 1848 France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Switzerland, Denmark and Romania 1846 last severe famine food prices high economic crisis for all and revolutionary fervor ready Right to vote, freedom of speech and assembly Nationalism in Poland, Austria, Italy and Germany The French Revolution of 1848 (February) Banquet campaign by Bourgoisie for universal male suffrage Parisian official canceled uprising of Bourgeoisie for the campaign and the workers National guard called out and joined the workers King Louis-Philippe fled and the Second Republic
The French Revolution of 1848 French Provisional government Moderates for liberal reforms and extending suffrage vs. universal make suffrage and social programs Only one worker member, Albert the worker Martin Set up a grievance and bargaining board National workshop in Paris for the unemployed Little more than a place to throw issues Inefficient charity program to maintain minimum wage Increased migrants to Paris ignoring the residency requirement higher rates of unemployment Taxes increased to try to deal with this Everything dissolved workers rebel again in June Used troops stationed in Algeria Military dictatorship until elections in December
The 1848 Revolutions in Germany German protests aligning with the workers in France Most German states gave in to prevent war Prussian King refuse fighting and national Prussian assembly success constitutional movement for all of Germany by bourgeoisie delegates Frankfurt Assembly constitution and unification of Germany = universal male suffrage, but no workers Problems: Non-German minorities and Germans outside of Germany no borderlines for unification are perfect Should Austria be included? No Austria and crown given to the King of Prussia refuses a crown from the gutter of a liberal parliament Revolution in Austria Metternich overthrown, an assembly was set up and many minorities start fighting for independence
1848 in Italy Sicily, Tuscany and Piedmont = new constitution Piedmont, Venice and Lombardy = fought Austria First War of Italian Independence Austria won due to internal fighting the Italian states = no central coordination Push for nationalist unification in Young Italy Led by Giuseppe Mazzini Pope Pius IX fled Republic of Rome France sent troops to protect the Pope's interests defeated Giuseppe Garibaldi's Red Shirts and restored the pope Military repression by France and Austria no unification
Europe in 1850 The end of the ideals of the Congress of Vienna Most Revolutions of 1848 failed Many people accepting authority for peace Dominance of landed nobles in government Mass repression 1850 Austrians threaten Prussians to give up on unification of Germany or go to war 1848 Louis Napoleon elected president of France Promised everyone the reforms they wanted In office, mass repression of any protests 1851 declared himself the emperor of France Impact: These ideas must be solved politically!